95th United States Congress



































95th United States Congress


94th ←

→ 96th


USCapitol.jpg

United States Capitol (2002)

January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1979
Senate President
Nelson Rockefeller (R)
until January 20, 1977
Walter Mondale (D)
from January 20, 1977
Senate Pres. pro tem
James Eastland (D)
House Speaker
Tip O'Neill (D)
Members
100 senators
435 representatives
5 non-voting delegates
Senate Majority
Democratic
House Majority
Democratic
Sessions

1st: January 4, 1977 – December 15, 1977
2nd: January 19, 1978 – October 15, 1978

The Ninety-fifth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from January 3, 1977, to January 3, 1979, during the final weeks of the administration of U.S. President Gerald Ford and the first two years of the administration of U.S. President Jimmy Carter.


The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Nineteenth Census of the United States in 1970. Both chambers had a Democratic majority. It was the first time either party held a filibuster-proof 60% super majority in both the Senate and House chambers since the 89th United States Congress in 1965, and last time until the 111th United States Congress in 2009. All three super majorities were Democratic party and also were accompanied by Democratic Presidents.[1] As of 2018, this is the most recent Congress to approve an amendment (the unratified District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment) to the Constitution.





Contents






  • 1 Major events


  • 2 Hearings


  • 3 Major legislation


  • 4 Constitutional amendments


  • 5 Treaties ratified


  • 6 Party summary


    • 6.1 Senate


    • 6.2 House of Representatives




  • 7 Leadership


    • 7.1 Senate


      • 7.1.1 Majority (Democratic) leadership


      • 7.1.2 Minority (Republican) leadership




    • 7.2 House of Representatives


      • 7.2.1 Majority (Democratic) leadership


      • 7.2.2 Minority (Republican) leadership






  • 8 Caucuses


  • 9 Members


    • 9.1 Senate


      • 9.1.1 Alabama


      • 9.1.2 Alaska


      • 9.1.3 Arizona


      • 9.1.4 Arkansas


      • 9.1.5 California


      • 9.1.6 Colorado


      • 9.1.7 Connecticut


      • 9.1.8 Delaware


      • 9.1.9 Florida


      • 9.1.10 Georgia


      • 9.1.11 Hawaii


      • 9.1.12 Idaho


      • 9.1.13 Illinois


      • 9.1.14 Indiana


      • 9.1.15 Iowa


      • 9.1.16 Kansas


      • 9.1.17 Kentucky


      • 9.1.18 Louisiana


      • 9.1.19 Maine


      • 9.1.20 Maryland


      • 9.1.21 Massachusetts


      • 9.1.22 Michigan


      • 9.1.23 Minnesota


      • 9.1.24 Mississippi


      • 9.1.25 Missouri


      • 9.1.26 Montana


      • 9.1.27 Nebraska


      • 9.1.28 Nevada


      • 9.1.29 New Hampshire


      • 9.1.30 New Jersey


      • 9.1.31 New Mexico


      • 9.1.32 New York


      • 9.1.33 North Carolina


      • 9.1.34 North Dakota


      • 9.1.35 Ohio


      • 9.1.36 Oklahoma


      • 9.1.37 Oregon


      • 9.1.38 Pennsylvania


      • 9.1.39 Rhode Island


      • 9.1.40 South Carolina


      • 9.1.41 South Dakota


      • 9.1.42 Tennessee


      • 9.1.43 Texas


      • 9.1.44 Utah


      • 9.1.45 Vermont


      • 9.1.46 Virginia


      • 9.1.47 Washington


      • 9.1.48 West Virginia


      • 9.1.49 Wisconsin


      • 9.1.50 Wyoming




    • 9.2 House of Representatives


      • 9.2.1 Alabama


      • 9.2.2 Alaska


      • 9.2.3 Arizona


      • 9.2.4 Arkansas


      • 9.2.5 California


      • 9.2.6 Colorado


      • 9.2.7 Connecticut


      • 9.2.8 Delaware


      • 9.2.9 Florida


      • 9.2.10 Georgia


      • 9.2.11 Hawaii


      • 9.2.12 Idaho


      • 9.2.13 Illinois


      • 9.2.14 Indiana


      • 9.2.15 Iowa


      • 9.2.16 Kansas


      • 9.2.17 Kentucky


      • 9.2.18 Louisiana


      • 9.2.19 Maine


      • 9.2.20 Maryland


      • 9.2.21 Massachusetts


      • 9.2.22 Michigan


      • 9.2.23 Minnesota


      • 9.2.24 Mississippi


      • 9.2.25 Missouri


      • 9.2.26 Montana


      • 9.2.27 Nebraska


      • 9.2.28 Nevada


      • 9.2.29 New Hampshire


      • 9.2.30 New Jersey


      • 9.2.31 New Mexico


      • 9.2.32 New York


      • 9.2.33 North Carolina


      • 9.2.34 North Dakota


      • 9.2.35 Ohio


      • 9.2.36 Oklahoma


      • 9.2.37 Oregon


      • 9.2.38 Pennsylvania


      • 9.2.39 Rhode Island


      • 9.2.40 South Carolina


      • 9.2.41 South Dakota


      • 9.2.42 Tennessee


      • 9.2.43 Texas


      • 9.2.44 Utah


      • 9.2.45 Vermont


      • 9.2.46 Virginia


      • 9.2.47 Washington


      • 9.2.48 West Virginia


      • 9.2.49 Wisconsin


      • 9.2.50 Wyoming


      • 9.2.51 Non-voting members






  • 10 Changes in Membership


    • 10.1 Senate


    • 10.2 House of Representatives




  • 11 Committees


    • 11.1 Senate


    • 11.2 House of Representatives


    • 11.3 Joint committees




  • 12 Employees and legislative agency directors


    • 12.1 Legislative branch agency directors


    • 12.2 Senate


    • 12.3 House of Representatives




  • 13 See also


  • 14 References


  • 15 External links





Major events




  • January 20, 1977: Inauguration of President Jimmy Carter

  • July 13, 1977: New York City blackout of 1977

  • January 1, 1978: The Northern Mariana Islands left the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to become a Commonwealth of the United States, making it unincorporated and organized.

  • February 8, 1978: Senate proceedings are broadcast on radio for the first time.

  • August 7, 1978: Love Canal Disaster

  • September 17, 1978: Camp David Accords



Hearings



  • Project MKULTRA – (Church Committee, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Senate Human Resources subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research)




Major legislation




  • August 3, 1977: Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, Pub.L. 95–87, 91 Stat. 445

  • August 4, 1977: Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, Pub.L. 95–91, 91 Stat. 565

  • October 7, 1977: Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977, Pub.L. 95–124, 91 Stat. 1098

  • October 12, 1977: Community Reinvestment Act, Pub.L. 95–128, title VIII, 91 Stat. 1147

  • November 23, 1977: Saccharin Study and Labeling Act of 1977, Pub.L. 95–203, 91 Stat. 1451

  • December 27, 1977: Clean Water Act, Pub.L. 95–217, 91 Stat. 1566

  • December 28, 1977: International Emergency Economic Powers Act, Pub.L. 95–223, title II, 91 Stat. 1626

  • March 10, 1978: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978, Pub.L. 95–242, 92 Stat. 120

  • October 10, 1978: Susan B. Anthony Dollar Coin Act of 1979, Pub.L. 95–447, 92 Stat. 1072

  • October 13, 1978: Civil Service Reform Act, Pub.L. 95–454, 92 Stat. 1111

  • October 24, 1978: Airline Deregulation Act, Pub.L. 95–504, 92 Stat. 1705

  • October 25, 1978: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Pub.L. 95–511, 92 Stat. 1783

  • October 26, 1978: Ethics in Government Act, Pub.L. 95–521, 92 Stat. 1824

  • October 27, 1978: Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act, Pub.L. 95–523, 92 Stat. 1887

  • October 31, 1978: Pregnancy Discrimination Act, Pub.L. 95–555, 92 Stat. 2076

  • November 1, 1978: Contract Disputes Act, Pub.L. 95–563, 92 Stat. 2383

  • November 4, 1978: Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978, Pub.L. 95–590, 92 Stat. 2513

  • November 6, 1978: Bankruptcy Act of 1978, Pub.L. 95–598, 92 Stat. 2549

  • November 8, 1978: Indian Child Welfare Act, Pub.L. 95–608, 92 Stat. 3069

  • November 9, 1978: National Energy Conservation Policy Act, Pub.L. 95–619, 92 Stat. 3206



Constitutional amendments



  • August 22, 1978: Approved an amendment to the United States Constitution granting the District of Columbia full representation in the United States Congress, full representation in the Electoral College system, and full participation in the process by which the Constitution is amended, and submitted it to the state legislatures for ratification
    • This amendment, commonly known as the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment, was later rendered inoperative, as it was not ratified within the seven–year time frame set by Congress



Treaties ratified



  • March 16, 1978: First of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties (Panama Canal) treaty: "The Treaty Concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal," commonly known as the "Neutrality Treaty"

  • April 19, 1978: Second of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties treaty, commonly known as "The Panama Canal Treaty"



Party summary



Senate








































































Party
(shading shows control)
Total
Vacant

Conservative
(N.Y.)
(C)

Democratic
(D)

Independent
(I)

Republican
(R)
End of the previous congress

1

61

1

37
100
0

Begin

0

61

1

38

100
0
End 58 41
Final voting share 5000000000000000000♠0.0% 7001580000000000000♠58.0% 7000100000000000000♠1.0% 7001410000000000000♠41.0%
Beginning of the next congress

0

58

1

41
100
0



Party standings on the opening day of the 95th Congress

  61 Democratic Senators

  1 Independent Senator, caucusing with Democrats

  38 Republican Senators




House of Representatives




































































Party
(shading shows control)
Total
Vacant

Democratic
(D)

Republican
(R)
End of the previous congress

291

144
435
0

Begin

292

143

435
0
End 275 140 415 20
Final voting share 7001663000000000000♠66.3% 7001337000000000000♠33.7%
Beginning of the next congress

277

158
435
0


Leadership



Senate




  • President of the Senate: Nelson Rockefeller (R), until January 20, 1977

    • Walter Mondale (D), from January 20, 1977



  • President pro tempore: James Eastland (D)


  • Permanent Acting President pro tempore: Lee Metcalf (D), until January 12, 1978


  • Deputy President pro tempore: Hubert Humphrey (D), until January 13, 1978



Majority (Democratic) leadership




  • Majority Leader: Robert Byrd


  • Majority Whip: Alan Cranston


  • Caucus Secretary: Daniel Inouye


  • Campaign Committee Chairman: Wendell H. Ford



Minority (Republican) leadership




  • Minority Leader: Howard Baker


  • Minority Whip: Ted Stevens


  • Republican Conference Chairman: Carl Curtis


  • Republican Conference Secretary: Clifford Hansen


  • National Senatorial Committee Chair: Bob Packwood


  • Policy Committee Chairman: John Tower



House of Representatives



  • Speaker: Tip O'Neill (D)


Majority (Democratic) leadership




  • Majority Leader: Jim Wright


  • Majority Whip: John Brademas


  • Chief Deputy Majority Whip: Dan Rostenkowski


  • Democratic Caucus Chairman: Tom Foley


  • Caucus Secretary: Shirley Chisholm


  • Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: James C. Corman



Minority (Republican) leadership




  • Minority Leader: John Jacob Rhodes


  • Minority Whip: Robert H. Michel


  • Conference Chair: John B. Anderson


  • Conference Vice-Chair: Samuel L. Devine


  • Conference Secretary: Jack Edwards


  • Policy Committee Chairman: Del M. Clawson


  • Campaign Committee Chairman: Guy Vander Jagt



Caucuses



  • Congressional Black Caucus

  • Congressional Hispanic Caucus

  • Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues

  • House Democratic Caucus

  • Senate Democratic Caucus



Members



Senate


In this Congress, Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1978; Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1980; and Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1982.











House of Representatives


Members of the House of Representatives elected statewide at-large, are preceded by "At-large," and the names of those elected from districts, are preceded by their district numbers.


Many of the congressional district numbers are linked to articles describing the district itself. Since the boundaries of the districts have changed often and substantially, the linked article may only describe the district as it exists today, and not as it was at the time of this Congress.














Changes in Membership


The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.



Senate




  • replacements: 11


    • Democratic: 3 seat net loss


    • Republican: 3 seat net gain



  • deaths: 4

  • resignations: 5

  • vacancy:

  • Total seats with changes: 9






























































































State
(class)
Vacator
Reason for change
Successor
Date of successor's
formal installation

Arkansas
(2)

John L. McClellan
(D)
Died November 28, 1977.
Successor appointed to finish the term.

Kaneaster Hodges Jr.
(D)
December 10, 1977

Montana
(2)

Lee Metcalf
(D)
Died January 12, 1978.
Successor appointed to finish the term.

Paul G. Hatfield
(D)
January 22, 1978

Minnesota
(1)

Hubert Humphrey
(DFL)
Died January 13, 1978.
Successor appointed to continue the term.

Muriel Humphrey
(D)
January 25, 1978

Alabama
(3)

James Allen
(D)
Died June 1, 1978.
Successor appointed to continue the term.

Maryon Pittman Allen
(D)
June 8, 1978

Alabama
(3)

Maryon Pittman Allen
(D)
Appointee lost special election.
Successor elected November 7, 1978.

Donald Stewart
(D)
November 7, 1978

Minnesota
(1)

Muriel Humphrey
(DFL)
Appointee retired when successor qualified.
Successor elected November 7, 1978.

David Durenberger
(R)
November 8, 1978

Montana
(2)

Paul G. Hatfield
(D)
Lost nomination to the next term.
Resigned early December 12, 1978.
Successor appointed, having already been elected to the next term.

Max Baucus
(D)
December 15, 1978

Kansas
(2)

James B. Pearson
(R)
Resigned December 23, 1978.
Successor appointed, having already been elected to the next term.

Nancy Kassebaum
(R)
December 23, 1978

Mississippi
(2)

James Eastland
(D)
Resigned December 27, 1978.
Successor appointed, having already been elected to the next term.

Thad Cochran
(R)
December 27, 1978

Minnesota
(2)

Wendell Anderson
(DFL)
Resigned December 29, 1978.
Successor appointed, having already been elected to the next term.

Rudy Boschwitz
(R)
December 30, 1978

Wyoming
(2)

Clifford Hansen
(R)
Resigned December 31, 1978.
Successor appointed, having already been elected to the next term.

Alan K. Simpson
(R)
January 1, 1979

Virginia
(2)

William L. Scott
(R)
Resigned January 1, 1979.
Successor appointed, having already been elected to the next term.

John Warner
(R)
January 2, 1979


House of Representatives



  • replacements: 6


    • Democratic: 4 seat net loss


    • Republican: 4 seat net gain



  • deaths: 6

  • resignations: 21

  • contested election:

  • Total seats with changes: 25




























































































































































































District
Vacator
Reason for change
Successor
Date of successor's
formal installation

Minnesota 7th

Robert Bergland (DFL)
Resigned January 22, 1977, after being appointed United States Secretary of Agriculture

Arlan Stangeland (R)
February 22, 1977

Washington 7th

Brock Adams (D)
Resigned January 22, 1977, after being appointed United States Secretary of Transportation

John E. Cunningham (R)
May 17, 1977

Georgia 5th

Andrew Young (D)
Resigned January 29, 1977, after being appointed United States Ambassador to the United Nations

Wyche Fowler (D)
April 6, 1977

Louisiana 1st

Richard A. Tonry (D)
Forced to resign May 4, 1977

Bob Livingston (R)
August 27, 1977

New York 18th

Ed Koch (D)
Resigned December 31, 1977, after being elected Mayor of New York City

S. William Green (R)
February 14, 1978

New York 21st

Herman Badillo (D)
Resigned December 31, 1977, after becoming Deputy Mayor of New York City

Robert García (D)
February 21, 1978

Tennessee 5th

Clifford Allen (D)
Died June 18, 1978
Vacant
Not filled this term

California 18th

William M. Ketchum (R)
Died June 24, 1978
Vacant
Not filled this term

Illinois 1st

Ralph Metcalfe (D)
Died October 10, 1978
Vacant
Not filled this term

Maryland 6th

Goodloe Byron (D)
Died October 11, 1978
Vacant
Not filled this term

California 11th

Leo Ryan (D)
Murdered by members of the Peoples Temple at the Guyana Airport November 18, 1978, shortly before the Jonestown Massacre
Vacant
Not filled this term

Wisconsin 6th

William A. Steiger (R)
Died December 4, 1978
Vacant
Not filled this term

Montana 1st

Max Baucus (D)
Resigned December 14, 1978, after being appointed to the U.S. Senate
Vacant
Not filled this term

Mississippi 4th

Thad Cochran (R)
Resigned December 26, 1978, after being appointed to the U.S. Senate
Vacant
Not filled this term

Wyoming At-large

Teno Roncalio (D)
Resigned December 30, 1978
Vacant
Not filled this term

California 3rd

John E. Moss (D)
Resigned December 31, 1978
Vacant
Not filled this term

California 14th

John J. McFall (D)
Resigned December 31, 1978
Vacant
Not filled this term

California 33rd

Del M. Clawson (R)
Resigned December 31, 1978
Vacant
Not filled this term

Kansas 5th

Joe Skubitz (R)
Resigned December 31, 1978
Vacant
Not filled this term

Michigan 10th

Elford A. Cederberg (R)
Resigned December 31, 1978
Vacant
Not filled this term

New Jersey 14th

Joseph A. LeFante (D)
Resigned December 31, 1978
Vacant
Not filled this term

New York 9th

James Delaney (D)
Resigned December 31, 1978
Vacant
Not filled this term

Texas 6th

Olin E. Teague (D)
Resigned December 31, 1978
Vacant
Not filled this term

Texas 11th

William R. Poage (D)
Resigned December 31, 1978
Vacant
Not filled this term

Texas 17th

Omar Burleson (D)
Resigned December 31, 1978
Vacant
Not filled this term


Committees


Lists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (2 links), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.











Joint committees



  • Atomic Energy

  • Congressional Operations

  • Defense Productions

  • Economic

  • Taxation

  • Library

  • Printing



Employees and legislative agency directors



Legislative branch agency directors




  • Architect of the Capitol: George M. White


  • Attending Physician of the United States Congress: Freeman H. Cary


  • Comptroller General of the United States: Elmer B. Staats

  • Director of the Congressional Budget Office: Alice M. Rivlin


  • Librarian of Congress: Daniel J. Boorstin


  • Public Printer of the United States: Thomas F. McCormick (until 1977), John J. Boyle (starting 1977)



Senate




  • Chaplain: Edward L.R. Elson


  • Historian: Richard A. Baker


  • Parliamentarian: Murray Zweben


  • Secretary: Francis R. Valeo (until March 31, 1977) J. Stanley Kimmitt (starting March 31, 1977)


  • Sergeant at Arms: Frank Hoffmann


  • Secretary for the Majority: Howard O. Greene Jr.


  • Secretary for the Minority: Walter J. Stewart



House of Representatives




  • Chaplain: Edward G. Latch


  • Clerk: Edmund L. Henshaw Jr.


  • Doorkeeper: James T. Molloy


  • Parliamentarian: William Holmes Brown


  • Reading Clerks: Bob Berry (R), N/A (D)


  • Postmaster: Robert V. Rota


  • Sergeant at Arms: Kenneth R. Harding



See also




  • United States elections, 1976 (elections leading to this Congress)

    • United States presidential election, 1976

    • United States Senate elections, 1976

    • United States House of Representatives elections, 1976




  • United States elections, 1978 (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)

    • United States Senate elections, 1978

    • United States House of Representatives elections, 1978





References




  • Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  • Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.





  1. ^ "Court declares Franken the winner of Minnesota Senate race". CNN. June 30, 2009.




External links



  • Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress

  • U.S. House of Representatives: Congressional History

  • U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists


  • House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 95th Congress (PDF).


  • Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 95th Congress.


  • Official Congressional Directory for the 95th Congress, 1st Session.


  • Official Congressional Directory Supplement for the 95th Congress, 2nd Session.









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