63rd United States Congress



































63rd United States Congress


62nd ←

→ 64th


USCapitol1906.jpg

United States Capitol (1906)

March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1915
Senate President
Thomas R. Marshall (D)
Senate Pres. pro tem
James P. Clarke (D)
House Speaker
Champ Clark (D)
Members
96 senators
435 representatives
5 non-voting delegates
Senate Majority
Democratic
House Majority
Democratic
Sessions

Special: March 4, 1913 – March 17, 1913
1st: April 7, 1913 – December 1, 1913
2nd: December 1, 1913 – October 24, 1914
3rd: December 7, 1914 – March 3, 1915

The Sixty-third United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1913, to March 4, 1915, during the first two years of Woodrow Wilson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Thirteenth Census of the United States in 1910. Both chambers had a Democratic majority.





Contents






  • 1 Major events


  • 2 Major legislation


  • 3 Constitutional amendments


  • 4 Party summary


    • 4.1 Senate


    • 4.2 House of Representatives




  • 5 Leadership


    • 5.1 Senate


    • 5.2 House of Representatives


      • 5.2.1 Majority (Democratic) leadership


      • 5.2.2 Minority (Republican) leadership






  • 6 Members


    • 6.1 Senate


      • 6.1.1 Alabama


      • 6.1.2 Arizona


      • 6.1.3 Arkansas


      • 6.1.4 California


      • 6.1.5 Colorado


      • 6.1.6 Connecticut


      • 6.1.7 Delaware


      • 6.1.8 Florida


      • 6.1.9 Georgia


      • 6.1.10 Idaho


      • 6.1.11 Illinois


      • 6.1.12 Indiana


      • 6.1.13 Iowa


      • 6.1.14 Kansas


      • 6.1.15 Kentucky


      • 6.1.16 Louisiana


      • 6.1.17 Maine


      • 6.1.18 Maryland


      • 6.1.19 Massachusetts


      • 6.1.20 Michigan


      • 6.1.21 Minnesota


      • 6.1.22 Mississippi


      • 6.1.23 Missouri


      • 6.1.24 Montana


      • 6.1.25 Nebraska


      • 6.1.26 Nevada


      • 6.1.27 New Hampshire


      • 6.1.28 New Jersey


      • 6.1.29 New Mexico


      • 6.1.30 New York


      • 6.1.31 North Carolina


      • 6.1.32 North Dakota


      • 6.1.33 Ohio


      • 6.1.34 Oklahoma


      • 6.1.35 Oregon


      • 6.1.36 Pennsylvania


      • 6.1.37 Rhode Island


      • 6.1.38 South Carolina


      • 6.1.39 South Dakota


      • 6.1.40 Tennessee


      • 6.1.41 Texas


      • 6.1.42 Utah


      • 6.1.43 Vermont


      • 6.1.44 Virginia


      • 6.1.45 Washington


      • 6.1.46 West Virginia


      • 6.1.47 Wisconsin


      • 6.1.48 Wyoming




    • 6.2 House of Representatives


      • 6.2.1 Alabama


      • 6.2.2 Arizona


      • 6.2.3 Arkansas


      • 6.2.4 California


      • 6.2.5 Colorado


      • 6.2.6 Connecticut


      • 6.2.7 Delaware


      • 6.2.8 Florida


      • 6.2.9 Georgia


      • 6.2.10 Idaho


      • 6.2.11 Illinois


      • 6.2.12 Indiana


      • 6.2.13 Iowa


      • 6.2.14 Kansas


      • 6.2.15 Kentucky


      • 6.2.16 Louisiana


      • 6.2.17 Maine


      • 6.2.18 Maryland


      • 6.2.19 Massachusetts


      • 6.2.20 Michigan


      • 6.2.21 Minnesota


      • 6.2.22 Mississippi


      • 6.2.23 Missouri


      • 6.2.24 Montana


      • 6.2.25 Nebraska


      • 6.2.26 Nevada


      • 6.2.27 New Hampshire


      • 6.2.28 New Jersey


      • 6.2.29 New Mexico


      • 6.2.30 New York


      • 6.2.31 North Carolina


      • 6.2.32 North Dakota


      • 6.2.33 Ohio


      • 6.2.34 Oklahoma


      • 6.2.35 Oregon


      • 6.2.36 Pennsylvania


      • 6.2.37 Rhode Island


      • 6.2.38 South Carolina


      • 6.2.39 South Dakota


      • 6.2.40 Tennessee


      • 6.2.41 Texas


      • 6.2.42 Utah


      • 6.2.43 Vermont


      • 6.2.44 Virginia


      • 6.2.45 Washington


      • 6.2.46 West Virginia


      • 6.2.47 Wisconsin


      • 6.2.48 Wyoming


      • 6.2.49 Non-voting members






  • 7 Changes in membership


    • 7.1 Senate


    • 7.2 House of Representatives




  • 8 Committees


    • 8.1 Senate


    • 8.2 House of Representatives


    • 8.3 Joint committees




  • 9 Caucuses


  • 10 Employees


    • 10.1 Senate


    • 10.2 House of Representatives




  • 11 See also


  • 12 References





Major events




Inauguration platform being constructed on the east steps of the U.S. Capitol, ten days before Woodrow Wilson's March 4, 1913, presidential inauguration.




  • March 4, 1913: Woodrow Wilson became President of the United States.

  • March 9, 1914: The Senate adopted a rule forbidding smoking on the floor of the Senate because Senator Ben Tillman, recovering from a stroke, found the smoke irritating.

  • July 28, 1914: World War I began in Europe

  • August 15, 1914: The Panama Canal was inaugurated

  • August 19, 1914: President Woodrow Wilson declared strict U.S. neutrality

  • November 1914: United States House of Representatives elections, 1914 and United States Senate elections, 1914

  • November 16, 1914: Federal Reserve Bank opened



Major legislation




  • May 27, 1913: Kern Resolution

  • July 9, 1913: Saboth Act

  • July 15, 1913: Newlands Labor Act

  • October 3, 1913: Revenue Act of 1913 (Federal Income Tax), including Underwood Tariff

  • October 22, 1913: Urgent Deficiencies Act

  • December 19, 1913: Raker Act

  • December 23, 1913: Federal Reserve Act, ch. 6, 38 Stat. 251, 12 U.S.C. § 221, et seq.

  • May 8, 1914: Smith–Lever Act, ch. 79, 38 Stat. 372, 7 U.S.C. § 341

  • June 24, 1914: Cutter Service Act

  • June 30, 1914: Cooperative Funds Act

  • July 17, 1914: Agricultural Entry Act

  • July 18, 1914: Aviation Service Act

  • July 21, 1914: Borland Amendment

  • August 13, 1914: Smith–Hayden Act

  • August 15, 1914: Sponge Act

  • August 18, 1914: Cotton Futures Act of 1914

  • August 18, 1914: Foreign Ship Registry Act

  • August 22, 1914: Glacier National Park Act of 1914

  • September 2, 1914: War Risk Insurance Act (Rayburn Act)

  • September 26, 1914: Federal Trade Commission Act, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717, 15 U.S.C. § 41

  • October 2, 1914: River and Harbors Act of 1914

  • October 15, 1914: Clayton Antitrust Act, ch. 323, 38 Stat. 730, 15 U.S.C. § 12, et seq.

  • October 22, 1914: Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act

  • December 17, 1914: Harrison Narcotics Tax Act

  • January 28, 1915: Coast Guard Act

  • March 4, 1915: Merchant Marine Act of 1915

  • March 4, 1915: River and Harbors Act of 1915

  • March 4, 1915: Standard Barrel Act For Fruits, Vegetables, and Dry Commodities

  • March 4, 1915: Federal Boiler Inspection Act

  • March 4, 1915: Uniform Bill of Lading Act

  • March 4, 1915: Occupancy Permits Act



Constitutional amendments


  • April 8, 1913: Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, establishing the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states, was ratified by the requisite number of states (then 36) to become part of the Constitution


Party summary




Map showing Senate party membership at the start of the 62nd Congress. Red states are represented by two Republicans and blue by two Democrats. Purple states are represented by one senator from each party.



Senate






































































Party
(shading shows control)
Total
Vacant

Democratic
(D)

Progressive
(P)

Republican
(R)
End of the previous congress

47

0

48
95
1

Begin

49

1

42

92
4
End 53 96 0
Final voting share 7001552000000000000♠55.2% 7000100000000000000♠1.0% 7001438000000000000♠43.8%
Beginning of the next congress

56

0

40
96
0


House of Representatives




  • Democratic (D): 291 (majority)


  • Republican (R): 134


  • Progressive (P): 9


  • Independent (I): 1


TOTAL members: 435



Leadership



Senate




  • President of the Senate: Thomas R. Marshall


  • President pro tempore: James P. Clarke


  • Majority Whip: J. Hamilton Lewis (D)


  • Minority Whip: James W. Wadsworth Jr. (R) until March 4; Charles Curtis (R) starting March 4


  • Democratic Caucus Chair : John W. Kern


  • Republican Conference Chairman: Jacob Harold Gallinger


  • Democratic Caucus Secretary: Willard Saulsbury Jr.


  • Republican Conference Secretary: William Squire Kenyon



House of Representatives



  • Speaker: Champ Clark (D)


Majority (Democratic) leadership




  • Majority Leader: Oscar Underwood


  • Majority Whip: Thomas M. Bell


  • Democratic Caucus Chairman: A. Mitchell Palmer


  • Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Frank Ellsworth Doremus



Minority (Republican) leadership




  • Minority Leader: James R. Mann


  • Minority Whip: Charles H. Burke


  • Republican Conference Chair: William S. Greene



Members


Skip to House of Representatives, below


Senate


Most Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. A few senators were elected directly by the residents of the state. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election, In this Congress, Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1914; Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1916; and Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1918.











House of Representatives
















Changes in membership


The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.



Senate



  • replacements: 3


    • Democratic: 2 seat net gain


    • Republican: 2 seat net loss



  • deaths: 3

  • resignations: 3

  • vacancy: 3


  • Total seats with changes: 9









































































State
Senator
Reason for vacancy
Successor
Date of successor's installation

New Hampshire
(2)
Vacant
Elected late.

Henry F. Hollis (D)
March 13, 1913

Illinois
(2)
Vacant
Due to US Sen.Lorimer scandal, general assembly refused to seat elected Senator at beginning of term. Compromise was later reached with Governor of Illinois to seat senator to replace Lorimer after another election was called.

J. Hamilton Lewis (D)
March 26, 1913

Illinois
(3)
Vacant
Due to US Sen.Lorimer scandal, general assembly refused to seat elected Senator at beginning of term. Compromise was later reached with Governor of Illinois to seat senator who supported Sen Lorimer.

Lawrence Y. Sherman (R)
March 26, 1913

West Virginia
(2)
Vacant
Elected to seat at beginning of term but delayed installation to continue as judge of U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit

Nathan Goff Jr. (R)
April 1, 1913

Alabama
(3)

Joseph F. Johnston (D)
Died August 8, 1913. Successor was appointed to finish term.

Francis S. White (D)
May 11, 1914

Maryland
(1)

William P. Jackson (R)
Successor was elected.

Blair Lee (D)
Januar 28, 1914

Georgia
(2)

Augustus O. Bacon (D)
Died February 14, 1914. Successor was appointed.

William S. West (D)
March 2, 1914

Kentucky
(3)

William O. Bradley (R)
Died May 23, 1914. Successor was appointed and subsequently elected.

Johnson N. Camden Jr. (D)
June 16, 1914

Georgia
(2)

William S. West (D)
Successor was elected.

Thomas W. Hardwick (D)
November 4, 1914


House of Representatives



  • replacements: 20


    • Democratic: 1 seat gain


    • Republican: 2 seat loss


    • Progressive: 1 seat gain



  • deaths: 11

  • resignations: 19

  • contested elections: 2


  • Total seats with changes: 15































































































































































































































District
Vacator
Reason for vacancy
Successor


South Carolina 1st
Vacant
Rep. George S. Legaré died during previous congress

Richard S. Whaley (D)
April 29, 1913

Massachusetts 13th

John W. Weeks (R)
Resigned March 4, 1913, after being elected to the U.S. Senate

John J. Mitchell (D)
April 15, 1913

Texas 10th

Albert S. Burleson (D)
Resigned March 6, 1913, after being appointed United States Postmaster General

James P. Buchanan (D)
April 15, 1913

New Jersey 6th

Lewis J. Martin (D)
Died May 5, 1913

Archibald C. Hart (D)
July 22, 1913

Michigan 12th

H. Olin Young (R)
Resigned May 16, 1913, while election was being contested

William J. MacDonald (Prog.)
August 26, 1913

Maine 3rd

Forrest Goodwin (R)
Died May 28, 1913

John A. Peters (R)
September 9, 1913

Maryland 3rd

George Konig (D)
Died May 31, 1913

Charles P. Coady (D)
November 4, 1913

West Virginia 1st

John W. Davis (D)
Resigned August 29, 1913, after being appointed Solicitor General of the United States

Matthew M. Neely (D)
October 14, 1913

New York 13th

Timothy Sullivan (D)
Died August 31, 1913

George W. Loft (D)
November 4, 1913

New York 20th

Francis B. Harrison (D)
Resigned September 1, 1913, after being appointed Governor-General of the Philippines

Jacob A. Cantor (D)
November 4, 1913

Massachusetts 3rd

William Wilder (R)
Died September 11, 1913

Calvin Paige (R)
November 4, 1913

Georgia 2nd

Seaborn Roddenbery (D)
Died September 25, 1913

Frank Park (D)
November 4, 1913

Iowa 2nd

Irvin S. Pepper (D)
Died December 22, 1913

Henry Vollmer (D)
February 10, 1914

Massachusetts 12th

James Michael Curley (D)
Resigned February 4, 1914, after being elected Mayor of Boston

James A. Gallivan (D)
April 7, 1914

New Jersey 7th

Robert G. Bremner (D)
Died February 5, 1914

Dow H. Drukker (R)
April 7, 1914

Alabama 8th

William N. Richardson (D)
Died March 31, 1914

Christopher C. Harris (D)
May 11, 1914

Alabama 3rd

Henry D. Clayton Jr. (D)
Resigned May 25, 1914, after being appointed judge for U.S. District Court for Middle and Northern Districts of Alabama

William O. Mulkey (D)
June 29, 1914

Missouri 12th

Leonidas C. Dyer (R)
Lost contested election June 9, 1914

Michael J. Gill (D)
June 9, 1914

Illinois 4th

James T. McDermott (D)
Resigned July 21, 1914
Seat remained vacant until next Congress

Ohio 14th

William G. Sharp (D)
Resigned July 23, 1914, after being appointed United States Ambassador to France
Seat remained vacant until next Congress

Massachusetts 11th

Andrew J. Peters (D)
Resigned August 15, 1914, after being appointed Assistant Secretary of the Treasury
Seat remained vacant until next Congress

Massachusetts 10th

William F. Murray (D)
Resigned September 28, 1914, after being appointed Postmaster of Boston
Seat remained vacant until next Congress

Maryland 1st

J. Harry Covington (D)
Resigned September 30, 1914, after being appointed to serve as chief justice of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia

Jesse Price (D)
November 3, 1914

New Jersey 9th

Walter I. McCoy (D)
Resigned October 3, 1914, after being appointed associate justice for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia

Richard W. Parker (R)
December 1, 1914

Georgia 10th

Thomas W. Hardwick (D)
Resigned November 2, 1914, after being elected to the U.S. Senate

Carl Vinson (D)
November 3, 1914

New York 36th

Sereno E. Payne (R)
Died December 10, 1914
Seat remained vacant until next Congress

New York 31st

Edwin A. Merritt (R)
Died December 14, 1914
Seat remained vacant until next Congress

New York 2nd

Denis O'Leary (D)
Resigned December 31, 1914
Seat remained vacant until next Congress

Minnesota 2nd

Winfield Scott Hammond (D)
Resigned January 6, 1915, after being elected Governor of Minnesota
Seat remained vacant until next Congress

Ohio 5th

Timothy T. Ansberry (D)
Resigned January 9, 1915, after being appointed associate justice of the Ohio Court of Appeals
Seat remained vacant until next Congress

Ohio 8th

Frank B. Willis (R)
Resigned January 9, 1915, after being elected Governor of Ohio
Seat remained vacant until next Congress

New Jersey 8th

Eugene F. Kinkead (D)
Resigned February 4, 1915, after becoming sheriff of Hudson County, New Jersey
Seat remained vacant until next Congress


Committees


Lists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (6 links), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.



Senate




  • Additional Accommodations for the Library of Congress (Select)

  • Agriculture and Forestry

  • Appropriations

  • Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate

  • Banking and Currency

  • Canadian Relations

  • Census

  • Civil Service and Retrenchment

  • Claims

  • Coast and Insular Survey

  • Coast Defenses

  • Commerce

  • Conservation of National Resources

  • Corporations Organized in the District of Columbia

  • Cuban Relations

  • Disposition of Useless Papers in the Executive Departments

  • District of Columbia

  • Education and Labor

  • Engrossed Bills

  • Enrolled Bills


  • Establish a University in the United States (Select)

  • Examine the Several Branches in the Civil Service

  • Expenditures in the Department of Agriculture

  • Expenditures in the Department of Commerce

  • Expenditures in the Interior Department

  • Expenditures in the Department of Justice

  • Expenditures in the Department of Labor

  • Expenditures in the Navy Department

  • Expenditures in the Post Office Department

  • Expenditures in the Department of State

  • Expenditures in the Treasury Department

  • Expenditures in the War Department

  • Finance

  • Fisheries

  • Five Civilized Tribes of Indians

  • Foreign Relations

  • Forest Reservations and the Protection of Game

  • Geological Survey

  • Immigration

  • Immigration and Naturalization

  • Indian Affairs

  • Industrial Expositions

  • Interoceanic Canals

  • Interstate Commerce

  • Irrigation and Reclamation

  • Judiciary

  • Library

  • Manufactures

  • Military Affairs

  • Mines and Mining


  • Mississippi River and its Tributaries (Select)

  • National Banks

  • Naval Affairs

  • Pacific Islands and Puerto Rico

  • Pacific Railroads

  • Patents

  • Pensions

  • Philippines

  • Post Office and Post Roads

  • Printing

  • Private Land Claims

  • Privileges and Elections

  • Public Buildings and Grounds

  • Public Health and National Quarantine

  • Public Lands

  • Railroads

  • Revision of the Laws

  • Revolutionary Claims

  • Rules

  • Standards, Weights and Measures


  • Tariff Regulation (Select)


  • Telepost (Select)

  • Territories


  • Transportation and Sale of Meat Products (Select)

  • Transportation Routes to the Seaboard


  • Trespassers upon Indian Lands (Select)

  • Whole

  • Woman Suffrage



House of Representatives



  • Accounts

  • Agriculture

  • Alcoholic Liquor Traffic

  • Appropriations

  • Banking and Currency

  • Census

  • Claims

  • Coinage, Weights and Measures

  • Disposition of Executive Papers

  • District of Columbia

  • Education

  • Election of the President, Vice President and Representatives in Congress

  • Elections

  • Enrolled Bills

  • Expenditures in the Agriculture Department

  • Expenditures in the Commerce Department

  • Expenditures in the Interior Department

  • Expenditures in the Justice Department

  • Expenditures in the Labor Department

  • Expenditures in the Navy Department

  • Expenditures in the Post Office Department

  • Expenditures in the State Department

  • Expenditures in the Treasury Department

  • Expenditures in the War Department

  • Expenditures on Public Buildings

  • Foreign Affairs

  • Immigration and Naturalization

  • Indian Affairs

  • Industrial Arts and Expositions

  • Insular Affairs

  • Interstate and Foreign Commerce

  • Invalid Pensions

  • Irrigation of Arid Lands

  • Labor

  • Merchant Marine and Fisheries

  • Mileage

  • Military Affairs

  • Mines and Mining

  • Naval Affairs

  • Patents

  • Pensions

  • Post Office and Post Roads

  • Public Buildings and Grounds

  • Public Lands

  • Railways and Canals

  • Reform in the Civil Service

  • Revision of Laws

  • Rivers and Harbors

  • Roads

  • Rules

  • Standards of Official Conduct

  • Territories

  • War Claims

  • Ways and Means

  • Whole



Joint committees




  • Armor Plant Costs (Special)


  • Conditions of Indian Tribes (Special)

  • Federal Aid in Construction of Post Roads

  • Disposition of (Useless) Executive Papers

  • Investigate the General Parcel Post

  • Postage on 2nd Class Mail Matter and Compensation for Transportation of Mail

  • Second Class Mail Matter and Compensation for Rail Mail Service



Caucuses




  • Democratic (House)


  • Democratic (Senate)



Employees




  • Architect of the Capitol: Elliott Woods


  • Librarian of Congress: Herbert Putnam


  • Public Printer of the United States: Samuel B. Donnelly (until 1913), Cornelius Ford (starting 1913)



Senate




  • Secretary:


    • Charles G. Bennett of New York


    • James M. Baker of South Carolina, elected March 13, 1913.




  • Sergeant at Arms:


    • E. Livingston Cornelius of Maryland, elected December 10, 1912


    • Charles P. Higgins of Indiana, elected March 13, 1913




  • Chaplain: Edward Everett Hale, Unitarian, until March 13, 1913, F.J. Prettyman, Methodist, elected March 13, 1913.



House of Representatives




  • Clerk: South Trimble of Kentucky, elected April 7, 1913.


  • Sergeant at Arms: Robert B. Gordon of Ohio, elected April 7, 1913.


  • Doorkeeper: Joseph J. Sinnott of Virginia, elected April 7, 1913.


  • Postmaster: William M. Dunbar of Georgia, elected April 7, 1913.


  • Clerk at the Speaker’s Table: Bennett C. Clark


  • Reading Clerks: Patrick Joseph Haltigan (D) and N/A (R)


  • Chaplain: Henry N. Couden, Universalist, elected April 7, 1913.



See also




  • United States elections, 1912 (elections leading to this Congress)

    • United States presidential election, 1912

    • United States Senate elections, 1912

    • United States House of Representatives elections, 1912




  • United States elections, 1914 (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)

    • United States Senate elections, 1914

    • United States House of Representatives elections, 1914





References




  • Gould, Lewis L. (2005). The Most Exclusive Club. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books Group. ISBN 0-465-02778-4..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  • Remini, Robert V. (2006). The House. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-06-088434-7.


  • U.S. Congress (2005). "Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress". Archived from the original on 1 June 2006. Retrieved June 1, 2006.


  • U.S. House of Representatives (2006). "Congressional History". Archived from the original on 1 June 2006. Retrieved June 1, 2006.


  • U.S. Senate (2006). "Statistics and Lists". Archived from the original on 1 June 2006. Retrieved June 1, 2006.


  • Official Congressional Directory for the 63rd Congress, 1st Session.


  • Official Congressional Directory for the 63rd Congress, 2nd Session.


  • Official Congressional Directory for the 63rd Congress, 2nd Session (1st Revision).


  • Official Congressional Directory for the 63rd Congress, 2nd Session (2nd Revision).


  • Official Congressional Directory for the 63rd Congress, 3rd Session.


  • Official Congressional Directory for the 63rd Congress, 3rd Session (Revision).









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