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A provisional government, also called a morning or transitional government, is an emergency governmental authority set up to manage a political transition generally in the cases of new nations or following the collapse of the previous governing administration. Provisional governments are generally appointed, and frequently arise, either during or after civil or foreign wars.

Provisional governments maintain power until a new government can be appointed by a regular political process, which is generally an election.^[1] They may be involved with defining the legal structure of subsequent regimes, guidelines related to human rights and political freedoms, the structure of the economy, government institutions, and international alignment.^[2] Provisional governments differ from caretaker governments, which are responsible for governing within an established parliamentary system and serve as placeholders following a motion of no confidence, or following the dissolution of the ruling coalition.^[2]

In opinion of Yossi Shain and Juan J. Linz, provisional governments can be classified to four groups:^[3]

1. Revolutionary provisional governments (when the former regime is overthrown and the power belongs to the ones who have overthrown it).


2. Power sharing provisional governments (when the power is shared between former regime and the ones who are trying to change it).


3. Incumbent provisional governments (when the power during transitional period belongs to the former regime).


4. International provisional governments (when the power during the transitional period belongs to the international community).

The establishment of provisional governments is frequently tied to the implementation of transitional justice.^[4] Decisions related to transitional justice can determine who is allowed to participate in a provisional government.^[5]

The early provisional governments were created to prepare for the return of royal rule. Irregularly convened assemblies during the English Revolution, such as Confederate Ireland (1641–49), were described as "provisional". The Continental Congress, a convention of delegates from 13 British colonies on the east coast of North America became the provisional government of the United States in 1776, during the American Revolutionary War. The government shed its provisional status in 1781, following ratification of the Articles of Confederation, and continued until it was supplanted by the United States Congress in 1789.

The practice of using "provisional government" as part of a formal name can be traced to Talleyrand's government in France in 1814. In 1843, American pioneers in the Oregon Country, in the Pacific Northwest region of North America established the Provisional Government of Oregon—as the U.S. federal government had not yet extend its jurisdiction over the region—which existed until March 1849. The numerous provisional governments during the Revolutions of 1848 gave the word its modern meaning: A liberal government established to prepare for elections.

List of provisional governments

Numerous provisional governments have been established since the 1850s, including:

• 
  Provisional Government of Spain (1868–1871), pending the election of a new Constitutional Monarch.


• 
  Provisional Government of Hawaii, established in 1893 after the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and renamed the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.


• 
  1901 caretaker government of Australia, established pending the first election to the newly established Commonwealth of Australia.


• 
  Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912), established after the success of the Wuchang uprising.


• 
  Provisional Government of Albania (1912-14).


• 
  State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, established in 1918 as the unrecognized first incarnation of Yugoslavia and later merged with the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.


• 
  Provisional Government of Western Thrace (1913), established in modern Greece in opposition to annexation by Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.


• 
  Provisional Government of Northern Epirus (1914), established against annexation to Albania.


• 
  Provisional Government of India (1915), established in Kabul.


• 
  Republic of Van (1915), established in Western Armenia.


• 
  South West Caucasian Republic (1919), established in Kars.


• 
  Provisional Government of the Irish Republic (1916), a title adopted by the leadership of the short-lived Easter Rising.


• Provisional Government of National Defence (northern Greece), 1916


• 
  Russian Provisional Government (1917), established as a result of the February Revolution which led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.


• 
  Estonian Provisional Government (1918–1919).


• 
  Latvian Provisional Government (1918–1920).


• 
  Ukrainian Provisional Government (1918).


• 
  Provisional Government of the Northern Region (1918-1920).


• 
  South West Caucasian Republic (1919), established in Kars.


• 
  Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1919), established in exile based in Shanghai, China and later in Chongqing, during the Japanese occupation of Korea.


• 
  Provisional Government of Ireland (1922), established by agreement between the British government and Irish revolutionaries, in order to pave the way for the establishment of the Irish Free State in the same year.


• 
  Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–40), established by the Empire of Japan when invading Eastern China.


• 
  Provisional Government of Lithuania (1941), established when Lithuanians overthrew the Soviet occupation during the Lithuanian 1941 independence. It functioned briefly until Nazi Germany annexed the country.


• 
  Provisional Government of Free India (1943–1945), established by Indian nationalists in southeast Asia, had nominal sovereignty over Axis controlled Indian territories, and had diplomatic relationships with nine countries.


• 
  Provisional National Government of Hungary (1944–1945) (Ideiglenes Nemzeti Kormány)^[6].


• 
  Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1945).


• 
  French Committee of National Liberation (Comité Français de Libération Nationale, CFLN) (1943–44), set up in Algiers, then a part of metropolitan France.


• 
  Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) (1944–46), government of the provisional Republic until the establishment of the IVth Republic.


• 
  Democratic Government of Albania (1944-46).


• 
  Flensburg Government (1945), established following the suicides of Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels during the closing days of the Third Reich.


• 
  Interim Government of India (1946–1947), an interim government formed by the newly created Constituent Assembly of India to administer what would become the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan in the transitional period between British rule and independence.


• 
  Provisional government of Israel (1948–49), established after Israel's declaration of independence and in place until after the first Knesset elections.


• 
  Provisional Government of the Syrian Arab Republic (1949), established by national consensus to draft a new constitution and reintroduce civilian rule after a series of military governments.


• 
  Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (1958–62) (guerrilla movement)


• 
  Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (1969–1976), established during the Vietnam War against America and Republic of Vietnam


• 
  Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (1970–1972), established after the declaration of freedom of Bengalis exiled to Calcutta.


• 
  Interim Government of Iran, a provisional government established after the 1979 Iranian Revolution
  


• 
  Transitional Government of National Unity (Namibia) (1985-1989)


• 
  Government of National Understanding, established in Czechoslovakia after the Velvet Revolution of 1989.


• 
  National Salvation Front, established in Romania after the fall of Nicolae Ceaușescu and the end of the Socialist Republic of Romania in 1989.


• 
  Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (1988–), after it was entrusted with the powers and responsibilities of the Provisional Government of the State of Palestine.^[7][8]
  


• 
  National Council of Government (1986–1988), interim ruling body of Haiti, after the departure of Jean-Claude Duvalier
  


• 
  Estonian Interim Government (1990–1992)


• 
  Eritrea has had a transitional government.(1993)


• 
  Transitional Government of Ethiopia (1991–1995)


• 
  United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (1992-1993)


• 
  Palestinian National Authority (1994–), the administrative organization, established to govern parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, following the Oslo Accords.^[9]
  


• 
  Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq (2003–2004) with the Iraqi Interim Governing Council, established to act as a caretaker administration in Iraq following the 2003 invasion of Iraq pending the hand over of power to the Iraqi people and the creation of a democratically elected civilian government.


• 
  Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, established in 2003 following the conclusion of the Second Congo War.


• 
  Iraqi Interim Government and the Iraqi Transitional Government were both provisional authorities established after the hand over of power to the Iraqi people following the 2003 invasion of Iraq to govern pending the adoption of a permanent constitution.


• 
  National Transitional Council of Libya formed during the 2011 civil war in Libya against the Gaddafi-led government.


• A provisional government was established in Yemen (2015–) after the 2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état.


• The UN supported Government of National Accord for Libya, formed in 2016.


• 
  Venezuela transitional government, established in January 2019 by Venezuelan Nation Assembly led by Juan Guaidó. The government is supported and recognized by United States, European Union, Lima Group, and many other countries

Provisional governments were also established throughout Europe as occupied nations were liberated from Nazi occupation by the Allies.

See also

• Government in exile


• Provisional Revolutionary Government


• Interregnum


• Caretaker government

References