Fengtian clique









































Fengtian clique
奉系軍閥
Fèng Xì Jūnfá

Flag of Fengtian clique.svg
Flag of Fengtian clique (until December 1928)

Active 1911–1928
Disbanded 1928
Country
Republic of China
Allegiance
Beiyang Government (1911–1927)
Type Warlord faction
Engagements
First Zhili-Fengtian War
Second Zhili-Fengtian War
Northern Expedition
Commanders
Overall commander (1920–1928) Zhang Zuolin
Overall commander (1928–1928) Zhang Xueliang

The Fengtian Clique (simplified Chinese: 奉系军阀; traditional Chinese: 奉系軍閥; pinyin: Fèng Xì Jūnfá) was one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang Clique in the Republic of China's Warlord Era. It was named for Fengtian Province (now Liaoning) and operated from a territorial base comprising the three northeastern provinces that made up Manchuria.[1] Warlord Zhang Zuolin, known as the "Grand Marshal," led the clique with support from Japan.[2] Between 1920 and 1921 the Fengtian Clique exercised control of Beijing jointly with the Zhili Clique.[1] Tensions soon began building between the two, resulting in clashes for control of Beijing known as the First (1922) and Second (1924) Zhili–Fengtian Wars. The power of the Fengtian Clique began to decrease in the midst of the Kuomintang's Northern Expedition. In 1928, while he was retreating North, Zhang Zuolin's Japanese sponsors blew up his train, killing him. After the assassination, his son, Zhang Xueliang, took over the leadership of the clique, later pledging himself and his army to the Kuomintang government in Nanking. The Northeastern Army was built after unification.[1]



Fengtian commanders




Zhang Zongchang's commanding Zhili-Lu allied army artillery.




  • Zhang Zuolin - Overall Fengtian commander


  • Zhang Xueliang - Heir to Zhang Zuolin, commander of the Fengtian Air Force


  • Zhang Zongchang - Ruler of Shandong, commander of the Shandong Army


  • Wu Junsheng - Commander of Fengtian Cavalry


  • Guo Songling - High-ranking commander, later defected to the Guominjun


  • Li Jinglin - Commander of the Fengtian clique's Zhili Army and governor of Zhili province 1924–25


  • Chu Yupu - Commander of the Fengtian clique's Zhili Army and governor of Zhili province 1925–28


  • Konstantin Petrovich Nechaev - De facto commander of all White Russian mercenaries who served in the Fengtian armies; official commander of the 65th Infantry Division



See also



  • Warlord Era

  • List of warlords and military cliques in the Warlord Era

  • History of the Republic of China

  • Manchukuo



References




  1. ^ abc Fengtien Clique; The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979).


  2. ^ Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949) by James Z. Gao; Scarecrow Press, 16 jun. 2009; p.115











-

Popular posts from this blog

Bressuire

Image
Subprefecture and commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France Bressuire Subprefecture and commune Chateau de Bressuire and the Eglise Notre-Dame Coat of arms Location of Bressuire Bressuire Show map of France Bressuire Show map of Nouvelle-Aquitaine Coordinates: 46°50′27″N 0°29′14″W  /  46.8408°N 0.4872°W  / 46.8408; -0.4872 Coordinates: 46°50′27″N 0°29′14″W  /  46.8408°N 0.4872°W  / 46.8408; -0.4872 Country France Region Nouvelle-Aquitaine Department Deux-Sèvres Arrondissement Bressuire Canton Bressuire Government  • Mayor .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} (2014–20) Jean Michel Bernier Area 1 180.59 km 2 (69.73 sq mi) Population (2014) 2 19,300  • Density 110/km 2 (280/sq mi) Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)  • Summer (DST) UTC+02:00 (CEST) INSEE/Postal code 79049 /79300 Elevation 98–236 m (322–774 ft) (avg. 173 m or 568 ft) 1 French Land Register data, which exclude
Read more

Vorschmack

Image
Vorschmack Ukrainian Jewish-style vorschmack served on rye bread Course Hors d'oeuvre Region or state Eastern Europe Associated national cuisine Ashkenazi Jewish, Finnish, German, Ukrainian, Polish, Russian Main ingredients Ground meat and/or fish Cookbook: Vorschmack   Media: Vorschmack Vorschmack or forshmak (Yiddish: פֿאָרשמאַק ‎, from archaic German Vorschmack , "foretaste" [1] or "appetizer" [2] ) is an originally East European dish made of salty minced fish or meat. Different variants of this dish are especially common in Ashkenazi Jewish and Finnish cuisine. Some varieties are also known in Russian and Polish cuisine. Contents 1 In Jewish cuisine 2 In Russian cuisine 3 In Polish cuisine 4 In Finnish cuisine 5 See also 6 References In Jewish cuisine According to Gil Marks, the German name points to the possible Germanic origin of this dish. [1] William Pokhlyobkin descr
Read more

Quarantine

Image
For other uses, see Quarantine (disambiguation). Signal flag "Lima" called the "Yellow Jack" which when flown in harbor means ship is under quarantine. A simple yellow flag (also called the "Yellow Jack") had historically been used to signal quarantine (it stands for Q among signal flags), but now indicates the opposite, as a signal of a ship free of disease that requests boarding and inspection. A quarantine is used to separate and restrict the movement of people; it is 'a restraint upon the activities or communication of persons or the transport of goods designed to prevent the spread of disease or pests', for a certain period of time. [1] This is often used in connection to disease and illness, such as those who may possibly have been exposed to a communicable disease. [2] The term is often erroneously used to mean medical isolation, which is "to separate ill persons who have a communicable disease from those who are healthy
Read more