Gitanos
Gitanos | |
|---|---|
| Total population | |
| Estimated 720,000-1,500,000[1][2][3][4] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Spain | |
| Languages | |
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| Religion | |
Predominantly Evangelicalism, Roman Catholicism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Gypsies |
| Part of a series on |
| Romani people |
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Diaspora
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Romani people portalThe Gypsies in Spain, generally known as gitanos (Spanish pronunciation: [xiˈtanos]), belong to the Iberian Kale group, with smaller populations in Portugal (known as ciganos) and in southern France. They tend to speak Caló, which basically encompasses a range of regional dialects of Spanish with numerous Romani loan words and mannerisms. Nevertheless, to varying degrees, they identify with Andalusian culture and music due to the large and culturally significant gitano population present in that region. Data on ethnicity is not collected in Spain, although the Government's statistical agency CIS estimated in 2007 that the number of Gitanos present in Spain is probably around one million.[1]
Contents
1 Name
2 Identity
2.1 Origin
2.2 Migration to Spain
3 Religion
4 Marriage
5 Crime issues
6 In literature
7 Notable gitanos
7.1 Leaders and politicians
7.2 Philosophers and theologians
7.3 Historians, philologists and writers
7.4 Military commanders
7.5 Poets, novelists and playwrights
7.6 Catholic saints and martyrs
7.7 Explorers, navigators and missionaries
7.8 Scientists and physicians
7.9 Classical composers and opera singers
7.10 Painters and sculptors
7.11 Artisans
7.12 Bullfighters
7.13 Actors, comedians and entertainers
7.14 Film directors
7.15 Journalists
7.16 Footballers and football coaches
7.17 Other athletes
7.18 Singers and musicians
7.19 Gitano surnames
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Sources
9.2 Footnotes
10 External links
Name
The term "gitano" evolved from the word "egiptano"[5] ("Egyptian"), which was the Old Spanish demonym for someone from "Egipto" (Egypt). "Egiptano" was the regular Spanish language adjective for someone from Egypt, however, in Middle and Modern Spanish the irregular adjective "egipcio" supplanted "egiptano" to mean Egyptian, while "gitano" went on to refer specifically to Romanis in Spain.
The etymological meaning of the term "gitano", therefore, was originally "Egyptian".[6] The use of the Spanish word meaning "Egyptian" to refer to Romanis in Spain evolved in the same way that the English word "Gypsy" also evolved from the English adjective "Egyptian" to refer to Romanis. Both terms are due to some Romanis, a people originating in the northern regions of the Indian Subcontinent, upon their first arrivals to Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries, claiming to be Egyptians for a more favourable treatment by local Europeans, or being mistaken as Egyptians by local Europeans.
While it is now widely known that Romanis are ultimately of northwestern Hindustani origin (an area today shared between India and Pakistan), many Romanis did enter Europe via a generations-long migration which included Egypt as one of their last stops before their arrival into Europe.
It is for this same reason that in the Albanian language variations of the Albanian term for "Egyptian" are still used to refer to a Romani people of Albania, which in English are also still ambiguously referred to as Balkan Egyptians. This group of Romanis in Albania are likewise of northwestern Hindustani origin, and are not related to the people of Egypt.
Identity
Gitano identity is particularly complex in Spain for a variety of reasons which are examined below. Nevertheless, it can be safely said that both from the perspective of gitano and non-gitano (payo) Spaniards, individuals generally considered to belong to this ethnicity are those of full or near-full gitano descent and who also self-identify. A confusing element is the thorough hybridization of Andalusian and Roma culture (and some would say identity) at a popular level. This has occurred to the point where Spaniards from other regions of Spain can commonly mistake elements of one for the other. The clearest example of this is flamenco music and Sevillanas, art forms that are Andalusian rather than gitano in origin but, having been strongly marked by gitanos in interpretative style, is now commonly associated to this ethnicity by many Spaniards. The fact that the largest population of gitanos is concentrated in Southern Spain has even led to a confusion between gitano accents and those typical of Southern Spain even though many Kale populations in the northern half of Spain (such as Galicia) do not speak Andalusian Spanish.
Indeed, the boundaries among gitano and non-gitano ethnicities are so blurred by intermarriage and common cultural traits in the south of the country, that self-identification is on occasion the only real marker for ethnicity. Few Spaniards are aware, for example, that Andalusian singer and gitano popular icon Lola Flores was, in fact, not of gitano ethnicity and did not consider herself as such.[7] The mistake can be commonly attributed to her being a Flamenco singer of humble origin, with vaguely South Asian physical traits and a strong Andalusian accent, as well as to her having married into a Gitano family.
The term "gitano" has also acquired among many a negative socio-economic connotation referring to the lowest strata of society, sometimes linking it to crime and marginality and even being used as a term of abuse. In this, one can be Gitano "by degree" according to how much one fits into pre-conceived stereotypes or social stigmas.
On the other hand, the exaltation of Roma culture and heritage is a large element of wider Andalusian folklore and Spanish identity. Gitanos, rather than being considered a "foreign" or "alien" minority within the country are perceived as "deep" or "real Spain", as is expressed by the term "España Cañí" which means both "Gypsy Spain" and "Traditional" or "Folkloric Spain". This is largely the result of the period of romantic nationalism which followed the Spanish war of independence, during which the values of the Enlightenment arriving from Western Europe were rejected and Gypsies became the symbol of Spanish traditionalism, independence and racial consciousness.
Evidently, all this results in a strong distinction between gitanos and Rom immigrants from Eastern Europe, who are commonly identified by the wider population according to their country of origin (normally Romanians or Bulgarians) rather than by their actual Rom ethnicity.
Origin
The Romani people originate from northwestern Hindustan,[8][9][10][11][12][13] presumably from the northwestern Indian state of Rajasthan[12][13] and the Punjab region shared between India and Pakistan.[12]
The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in the Indian subcontinent: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indic languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts, daily routines[14] and numerals.
More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi. It shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali.[15] Linguistic evaluation carried out in the nineteenth century by Pott (1845) and Miklosich (1882–1888) showed that the Romani language is to be classed as a New Indo-Aryan language (NIA), not a Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA), establishing that the ancestors of the Romani could not have left the Indian subcontinent significantly earlier than AD 1000, then finally reaching Europe several hundred years later.
Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent and migrated as a group.[9][10][16]
According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as the "Ḍoma", are the likely ancestral populations of modern "Roma" in Europe.[17]
Migration to Spain
How and when the gypsies arrived in the Iberian Peninsula from Northern India is a question whose consensus is far from being reached. A popular theory, although without any documentation, claims they come from North Africa, from where they would have crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to meet again in France with the northern migratory route.[18] It would be the Tingitanis (in its deformed pronunciation, gitanos, that is, from Tingis, today Tangier). Another, more consistent theory, and well documented, is that they entered the Iberian Peninsula from France. Although, there is controversy of the date of the first arrival, since there is evidence of a safe conduct granted in Perpignan in 1415 by the infante Alfonso of Aragon to one Tomás, son of Bartolomé de Sanno, who is said to be "Indie Majoris".[19] Or instead, could be the so-called Juan de Egipto Menor, who entered through France, who in 1425 Alfonso V granted him a letter of insurance, which is mostly accepted as the first gypsy to reach the peninsula.
.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}
... As our beloved and devoted Don Juan de Egipto Menor ... understands that he must pass through some parts of our kingdoms and lands, and we want him to be well treated and welcomed ... under pain of our wrath and indignation ... the mentioned Don Juan de Egipto and those who will go with him and accompany him, with all their horses, clothes, goods, gold, silver, saddlebags and whatever else they bring with them, let them go, stay and go through any city, town, place and other parts of our lordship safe and secure ... and giving those safe passage and being driven when the aforementioned don Juan requires it through this present safe conduct ... Delivered in Zaragoza with our seal on January 12 of the year of birth of our Lord 1425. King Alfonso.[20]
In 1435 they were seen in Santiago de Compostela, Gitanos were recorded in Barcelona and Zaragoza by 1447[citation needed], and in 1462 they were received with honors in Jaén. Years later, to the gitanos, the grecianos, pilgrims who penetrated the Mediterranean shore in the 1480s, were added to them, probably because of the fall of Constantinople. Both of them continued to wander throughout the peninsula, being well received at least until 1493, year in which a group of gitanos arrived at Madrid, where the Council agreed to "... give alms to the gitanos because at the request of the City passed ahead, ten reales, to avoid the damages that could be done by three hundred people who came ... ".
In those years safe conducts were granted to supposedly noble gypsy pilgrims. The follow-up of these safe-conducts throughout Spain has provided some data to historians according to Teresa San Román:
- The number of gypsies that entered or inhabited the Peninsula in the 15th-century is estimated at approximately 3,000 individuals.
- The gypsies traveled in variable groups, of 80-150 people, led by a man.
- Each autonomous group maintained relations at a distance with one of the others, there being perhaps relations of kinship among them (something common in today among Spanish gypsies).
- The separation between each group was variable and sometimes some followed the others at close range and by the same routes.
- The most common survival strategy was to present as Christian pilgrims to seek the protection of a noble.
- The way of life was nomadic and dedicated to divination and performance (spectacle).
In 1492, gipsy auxiliaries helped the army of the Kingdom of Castile and León in the Reconquista in Granada ending the reign of muslims in Spain.[21]
Gitanos have a low and little politically committed role, with some particular exceptions, in Andalusian nationalism and identity, which is strongly based on a belief in the oriental basis of Andalusi heritage acted as a bridge between occidental-western and oriental-eastern Andalusian culture at a popular level. The father of such a movement, Blas Infante, in his book Orígenes de lo flamenco y secreto del cante jondo, etymologically, went as far as alleging that the word flamenco derives from Andalusian Arabic fellah mengu, supposedly meaning "escapee peasant". Infante believed that numerous Muslim Andalusians became Moriscos, who were obliged to convert, dispersed and eventually ordered to leave Spain stayed and mixed with the Romani newcomers instead of abandoning their land. These claims have been rejected by many historians[citation needed] and genetic research papers.[22]
Spanish Romani people. Yevgraf Sorokin, 1853.
A Gypsy dance in the gardens of the Alcázar of Seville.
For about 300 years, Romanies were subject to a number of laws and policies designed to eliminate them from Spain as an identifiable group[citation needed]: Romani settlements were broken up and the residents dispersed; sometimes, Romanies were required to marry non-Roma; they were prohibited from using their language and rituals, and were excluded from public office and from guild membership.[citation needed] In 1749 A major effort to get rid of the gypsy population in Spain was carried out through a raid organized by the government. It arrested all gypsies (Romani) in the realm, and imprisoned them in jails, eventually releasing them due to the widespread discontent that the measure caused.
During the Spanish Civil War, gitanos were not persecuted for their ethnicity by either side. Under Franco, Gitanos were often harassed or simply ignored, although their children were educated, sometimes forcibly, much as all Spaniards are nowadays. On the other hand, Andalusian and gitano culture was instrumentalized in the country's tourist promotion strategy which focused on the south to exalt the uniqueness of Spanish culture. However, the country's industrialization negatively affected gitanos as the migration of rural Spaniards to major cities led to the growth of shanty towns around urban areas with a consequent explosion in birth rates and a drastic fall in the quality of living and an abandonment of traditional professions. Traditional Gitano neighbourhoods such as Triana in Seville became gentrified and gitanos were slowly pushed out to the periphery and these new shanty towns.
In the post-Franco era, Spanish government policy has been much more sympathetic, especially in the area of social welfare and social services. In 1977, the last anti-Romani laws were repealed, an action promoted by Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia, the first Romani deputy.
Since 1983, the government has operated a special program of Compensatory Education to promote educational rights for the disadvantaged, including those in Romani communities. During the heroin epidemic that afflicted Spain in the 80s and 90s, Gitano shanty towns became central to the drug trade, a problem which afflicts Spain to this day. Although the size of shanty towns has been vastly reduced in Madrid, they remain significant in other major cities such as Seville, Huelva and Almería. Nevertheless, Spain is still considered a model for integration of gitano communities when compared to other countries with Rom populations in Eastern Europe.
Many Spanish Romanies have been converted to Evangelical Christianity by US-funded religious organizations. However, the bulk of gitanos in Andalusia remain strongly faithful to the region's Catholic traditions such as the cult of the Virgin of the Rocío.
Religion
In Spain, gitanos were traditionally Roman Catholics who participated in four of the Church's sacraments (baptism, marriage, confirmation, and extreme unction). They are not regular churchgoers.[citation needed] They rarely go to folk healers[citation needed], and they participate fully in Spain's state-supported medical system. Gitanos have a special involvement with recently dead kin and visit their graves frequently. They spend more money than non-Gitanos of equivalent economic classes in adorning grave sites.[citation needed]
The Spanish Evangelical Federation (mostly composed by members of the Assemblies of God and Pentecostal) claims that 150,000 Gitanos have joined their faith in Spain.[23][citation needed] The Romani Evangelical Assembly is the only religious institution entirely led and composed by Roma.
Marriage
Portrait of Marta and María, both Granadan Gitanas, by Ramón Carazo Martinez, late-19th-century.
The traditional Spanish Romani place a high value on the extended family. Virginity is essential in unmarried women. Both men and women often marry young.
A traditional gitano wedding requires a pedimiento (similar to an engagement party) followed by the casamiento (wedding ceremony), where el yeli must be sung to the bride for giving her honor to her husband (proven by the ritual of the pañuelo). In the pañuelo ritual, a group consisting of an ajuntaora (an elder woman who is well respected in the family), along with the older aunts and elder woman of the family, take the bride into a separate room during the wedding and examine her to ascertain that she is a virgin. The "ajuntaora" is the one who practices the ritual on the bride, as the other women watch to be witnesses that the bride is virgin.
The cloth (pañuelo) must have three rose petals on it. When finished with the exam, the women come out of the room and sing el yeli to the couple. During this, the men at the wedding rip their shirts and lift the wife onto their shoulders and do the same with the husband, as they sing "el yeli" to them. Weddings can last very long; up to three days is usual in the Gitano culture. At weddings, "gitanos" invite everyone and anyone that they know of (especially other gitanos). On some occasions, payos (gadjos) may attend as well, although this is not common. Through the night, many bulerías are danced and especially sung. Today, rumba gitana or rumba flamenca are a usual party music fixture.
Crime issues
According to the website of Fundación Secretariado Gitano ("Gitano Secretariat Foundation"), in the Spanish prison system the Spanish Romani women represent 25% of the incarcerated feminine population, while Spanish Romani people represent 1.4% of the total Spanish population. 64% of the detentions of gitano people are drug trafficking-related. 93.2% of women inmates for drug trafficking are gitanas. 13.2% of the total drug trafficking-related inmates are of gitano ethnicity.[24]
In literature
The Gitanos in Spanish society have inspired several authors:
Federico García Lorca, a great Spanish poet of the 20th century, wrote Romancero Gitano ("Gypsy Ballad Book")
The Roma is the most basic, most profound, the most aristocratic of my country, as representative of their way and whoever keeps the flame, blood, and the alphabet of the universal Andalusian truth.
— Federico García Lorca
Candela, the female protagonist of the story El Amor Brujo, by Manuel de Falla is Romani.
Prosper Mérimée's Carmen (1845) features the protagonist as a femme fatale, ready to lie, or attack and degrade men's lives. His work was adapted for Georges Bizet's opera of the same name.- The beauty of a dark-haired Gitana has inspired artists such as Julio Romero de Torres.
- La Gitanilla ("The little Gypsy girl"), short story by Miguel de Cervantes and part of his Exemplary Novels
- Rocio Eva Granada, the escort in the novel Digital Fortress by Dan Brown
Notable gitanos
The ballet dancer Carlotta Grisi as the Romani Paquita (1844).
Following are notable Spanish people of gypsy (gitano) ethnicity:
Leaders and politicians
Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia, Spanish Socialist Workers' Party MEP
Philosophers and theologians
Historians, philologists and writers
Joaquín Albaicín, writer, lecturer and columnist for the artistic life
Matéo Maximoff, French writer born in Barcelona
Military commanders
Poets, novelists and playwrights
José Heredia Maya, poet and dramaturg
Luis Heredia Amaya, sculptor
Antonio Maya Cortés, artist painter and sculptor
Fabian de Castro, artist painter
Catholic saints and martyrs
Ceferino Giménez Malla, blessed
Scientists and physicians
Classical composers and opera singers
Painters and sculptors
Lita Cabellut, artist painter.
Helios Gómez, artist, writer and poet.
Juan Vargas, sculptor.
Artisans
Bullfighters
Francisco Rivera Ordóñez, bullfighter.
Cayetano Rivera Ordóñez, bullfighter.
Actors, comedians and entertainers
Jesús Castro, actor.
Rogelio Durán, actor theatre and father of Swedish actress Noomi Rapace.
Elena Furiase, actress.
Alba Flores, actress.
Pastora Vega, actress.
Film directors
Journalists
Iker Jiménez, journalist.
Footballers and football coaches
José Rodríguez Martínez, footballer, currently plays for Galatasaray
Jesús Seba, footballer, ex-Real Zaragoza
Diego, former footballer, with Sevilla FC.
Carlos Muñoz, former footballer, with Real Oviedo.
Carlos Aranda, former footballer, with Sevilla FC.
Iván Amaya, football player, ex-Atlético Madrid.
Antonio Amaya, football player, currently plays for Rayo Vallecano.
Marcos Márquez, football player, ex-UD Las Palmas.
López Ramos, football player, ex-UD Las Palmas.
Jose Antonio Reyes, footballer
Jesús Navas footballer, playing for Sevilla FC.
Other athletes
Rafael Soto, equestrian and Olympic medalist.
Faustino Reyes, boxer.
José Antonio Jiménez, boxer.
Patxi Ruiz Giménez, Basque pelota champion.
Singers and musicians
Carmen Amaya, Flamenco dancer.
Isabel Pantoja, singer, partially gypsy
Los Chunguitos, singers, brother duo.
Azúcar Moreno, singers, sister duo.
Manolo Caracol, Flamenco singer.
El Pescaílla, singer and composer, husband of Lola Flores.
Lolita Flores, singer and actress, daughter of Lola Flores.
Antonio Flores, singer and actor, son of Lola Flores.
Rosario Flores, singer and actress, daughter of Lola Flores.
Vicente Escudero, dancer and choreographer of Spanish Flamenco; occasionally painter, writer, cinematographic actor and flamenco singer.
Gipsy Kings, French group of Flamenco Rumba.
Nicolas Reyes, lead vocalist of the Gipsy Kings.
Camarón de la Isla, Flamenco singer.
Farruquito, Flamenco dancer.
Los Niños de Sara, French fusion musicians
Ketama, fusion musicians.
Kendji Girac, French singer.
Diego "El Cigala", Flamenco singer.
Joaquín Cortés, star flamenco dancer.
Abraham Mateo, reggaeton singer.
Beatriz Luengo, singer and actress.
Natalia Jiménez, singer and vocalist of La quinta estacion.
Jorge González, singer.
Miguel Bosé, singer.
Mala Rodríguez, Latin Grammy Award-winning hip hop rapper.
Gitano surnames
Due to endogamy, several Spanish surnames are more frequent among the Gitanos,[25] though they are not exclusive to them:
Jiménez or Giménez- Heredia
- Amaya
- Montoya
- Salazar
Monge or Monje- Guiterez
- Molina
- Cortés
Vargas LP
Antunes or Antunez / Antuñez- Santi
Ravelino or Rabellino
- Morgade
- Pereiro or Pereira
Villar or Vilar
Altamira or Altamirano
See also
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gitanos. |
Triana, Seville, a neighbourhood traditionally linked to Gitano history.
Sacromonte, the traditional Gitano quarter of Granada.
George Borrow, an English missionary and traveller who studied the Gypsies of Spain and other parts of Europe.
Quinqui, a nomad community of Spain with a similar lifestyle, but of unrelated origin.
References
Sources
This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.
The Situation of Roma in Spain. The Open Society Institute, 2002 (PDF).- Worth, Susannah and Sibley, Lucy R. "Maja Dress and the Andalusian Image of Spain." Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, Summer 1994, Vol. 12, pp. 51–60.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.
Footnotes
^ ab "Diagnóstico social de la comunidad gitana en España" (PDF). Msc.es. Retrieved 2016-05-21..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "Estimations" (JPG). Gfbv.it. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
^ "The Situation of Roma in Spain" (PDF). Open Society Institute. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2010.The Spanish government estimates the number of Gitanos at a maximum of 650,000.
^ Recent Migration of Roma in Europe, A study by Mr. Claude Cahn and Professor Elspeth Guild, page 87-8 (09.2010 figures)
^ "egiptano - Diccionario Dirae". Dirae.es. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
^ "Diccionario de la lengua española - Vigésima segunda edición". Buscon.rae.es. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
^ "Lola Flores Obituary". El Tiempo. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
^ Hancock 2002, p. xx: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romanian groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’
^ ab Mendizabal, Isabel (6 December 2012). "Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data". Current Biology. 22 (24): 2342–2349. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039. PMID 23219723. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
^ ab Sindya N. Bhanoo (11 December 2012). "Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India". The New York Times.
^ Current Biology.
^ abc K. Meira Goldberg; Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum; Michelle Heffner Hayes (2015-09-28). Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives. p. 50. ISBN 9780786494705. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
^ ab Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999). World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. p. 147. ISBN 9781858286358. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
^ Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, Edita (1998), Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) (PDF), Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, p. 4, ISBN 978-80-7044-205-0, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04
^ Hübschmannová, Milena (1995). "Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku". Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury. Brno: Muzeum romské kultury (4/1995).Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.
^ "5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma". Live Science.
^ Rai, N; Chaubey, G; Tamang, R; Pathak, AK; Singh, VK (2012), "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations", PLoS ONE, 7 (11): e48477, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048477, PMC 3509117, PMID 23209554
^ http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1110754&orden=33593&info=link
^ Jeanne VIELLIEARD, [=http://195.220.134.232/numerisation/tires-a-part-www-nb/0000005430031.pdf “Pèlerins d’Espagne a la fin de Moten âge”] Check|url=value (help) (PDF)
^ Unión Romaní.
^ Alejandro Martínez Dhier, La condición social y jurídica de los gitanos en la legislación histórica española (PDF), Universidad de Granada, p. 53
^ Gusmão, A.; Gusmão, L.; Gomes, V.; Alves, C.; Calafell, F.; Amorim, A.; Prata, M. J. (2008), "A perspective on the history of the Iberian gypsies provided by phylogeographic analysis of Y-chromosome lineages", Annals of Human Genetics, Annals of Human Genetics: Wiley Publishing, 72 (Pt 2): 215–27, doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00421.x, PMID 18205888
^ "Evangelics fish faithful in catholic crisis"; FEREDE, October 2008 (in Spanish)
^ "Informe sobre el Sistema de Información "Red Sastipen"". Gitanos.org. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
^ Diccionario de apellidos españoles, Roberto Faure, María Asunción Ribes, Antonio García, Editorial Espasa, Madrid 2001.
ISBN 84-239-2289-8. Section III.3.8 page XXXIX.
External links
Romani union (in Spanish)
Romani/Gypsy presence in European Music (in Spanish)
Teacher's telematic formation on gypsy culture (in Spanish)
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