Kermanshah
Kermanshah کرمانشاه | ||
|---|---|---|
City | ||
  | ||
| ||
| Nickname(s): The Land of History & Myths; The Land of Eternal Lovers; The Land of Shirin & Farhad | ||
  Kermanshah | ||
| Coordinates: 34°18′51″N 47°03′54″E / 34.31417°N 47.06500°E / 34.31417; 47.06500Coordinates: 34°18′51″N 47°03′54″E / 34.31417°N 47.06500°E / 34.31417; 47.06500 | ||
| Country |  Iran | |
| Province | Kermanshah | |
| County | Kermanshah | |
| Bakhsh | Central | |
| Established date | 4th century | |
| Government | ||
| • Mayor | Peyman Ghorbani | |
| Elevation | 1,350 m (4,430 ft) | |
| Population (2016 Census) | ||
| • Urban | 946,651 [1] | |
| • Demonym | Kermanshahi | |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) | |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+4:30 (IRDT) | |
| Postal code | 67146 | |
| Area code(s) | 083 | |
| Climate | Csa | |
| Website | www.kermanshahcity.ir | |
Kermanshah (Persian: کرمانشاه, Southern Kurdish: کرماشان, Kirmashan; also known as Bākhtarān or Kermānshāhān),[2] the capital of Kermanshah Province, is located 525 kilometres (326 miles) from Tehran in the western part of Iran. According to the 2011 census, its population is 851,405. A majority of the population speaks Southern Kurdish. Kermanshah has a moderate and mountainous climate.[3][4][5][6][7]
Kermanshah is the largest Kurdish-speaking city in Iran.[8][9][10][11] Most of the inhabitants of Kermanshah are Shia Muslims, but there are minorities such as Sunni Muslims, Yarsanism and so on.[12][13]
Contents
1 Prehistoric periods
2 Historic periods
3 Islamic periods
4 Recent
5 Naming dispute
6 Climate
7 Sightseeing
7.1 Taghbostan
7.2 Behistun
7.3 Qajar dynasty monuments
8 Bazars
9 Economy
10 Higher education
11 Notable people
12 Gallery
13 Footnotes
14 Twin towns – sister cities
15 See also
16 References
17 Sources
18 External links
Prehistoric periods
A view of Kermanshah in mid 19th century- toward south, Farokhshad Mt. and Wasi Mt. are visible at background
Because of its antiquity, attractive landscapes, rich culture and Neolithic villages, Kermanshah is considered one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, the Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some handaxes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht and near Taqwasan. Neanderthal Man existed in the Kermanshah region during this period. The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Qobeh, Malaverd and Do-Ashkaft Cave. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Tappeh Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8,000-10,000 years ago.
Clay human figurine (Fertility goddess) Tappeh Sarab, Kermanshah ca. 7000-6100 BCE, Neolithic period, National Museum of Iran
This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining to Iran were made in Ganj-Darreh, near present-day Harsin. In May 2009, based on a research conducted by the University of Hamedan and UCL, the head of Archeology Research Center of Iran's Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization announced that the one of the oldest prehistorian village in the Middle East dating back to 9800 B.P., was discovered in Sahneh, located west of Kermanshah.[14][15]
Remains of later village occupations and early Bronze Age are found in a number of mound sites in the city itself.
Interior of the second room of Zagros Paleolithic Museum.
Historic periods
Hellenistic-era depiction of Bahram as Hercules carved in 153 BC.
In ancient Iranian mythology, construction of the city is attributed to Tahmuras, the third king of Pishdadian dynasty. It is believed that the Sassanids have constructed Kermanshah and Bahram IV (he was called Kermanshah, meaning king of Kerman) gave his name to this city.[16]
It was a glorious city in Sassanid period about the 4th century AD when it became the capital city of Persian Empire and a significant health center serving as the summer resort for Sassanid kings. In AD 226, following a two-year war led by the Persian Emperor, Ardashir I, against "Kurdish" tribes in the region, the empire reinstated a local "Kurdish" prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah.[citation needed] At the time, the term "Kurd" was used as a social term, designating Iranian nomads, rather than a concrete ethnic group.[17][18] The word became an ethnic identity in the 12th and 13th century.[19][20] Within the dynasty known as the House of Kayus (also Kâvusakân) remained a semi-independent kingdom lasting until AD 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.
Islamic periods
Kermanshah was conquered by the Arabs in AD 640. Under Seljuk rule in the eleventh century, it became the major cultural and commercial center in western Iran and the southern Kurdish-inhabited areas as a whole. The Safavids fortified the town, and the Qajars repulsed an attack by the Ottomans during Fath Ali Shah's rule (1797–1834). Kermanshah was occupied by Ottomans between 1723–1729 and 1731-1732.
Recent
Occupied by the Imperial Russian army in 1914, followed by the Ottoman army in 1915 during World War I, it was evacuated in 1917 when the British forces arrived there to expel the Ottomans. Kermanshah played an important role in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution during the Qajar dynasty period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi dynasty period. The city was harshly damaged during the Iran–Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not yet fully recovered.
Naming dispute
After the revolution in 1979, the city was named Ghahramanshahr for a short period of time, and later the name of the city as well as the province changed to Bakhtaran, apparently due to the presence of the word "Shah" in the original name. Bakhtaran means western, which refers to the location of the city and the province within Iran. After the Iran–Iraq War, however, the city was renamed Kermanshah, as it resonated more with the desire of its residents, the Persian literature, and the collective memory of the Iranians.
Climate
Kermanshah has a climate which is heavily influenced by the proximity of the Zagros mountains, classified as a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). The city's altitude and exposed location relative to westerly winds makes precipitation a little bit high (more than twice that of Tehran), but at the same time produces huge diurnal temperature swings especially in the virtually rainless summers, which remain extremely hot during the day. Kermanshah experiences rather cold winters and there are usually rainfalls in fall and spring. Snow cover is seen for at least a couple of weeks in winter.
| Climate data for Kermanshah, Iran (1961–1990, extremes 1951–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.2 (68.4) | 21.8 (71.2) | 28.4 (83.1) | 33.7 (92.7) | 38.5 (101.3) | 43.0 (109.4) | 44.1 (111.4) | 44.0 (111.2) | 40.4 (104.7) | 34.4 (93.9) | 28.4 (83.1) | 25.4 (77.7) | 44.1 (111.4) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6.5 (43.7) | 8.9 (48) | 14.3 (57.7) | 19.7 (67.5) | 25.8 (78.4) | 33.3 (91.9) | 37.8 (100) | 37.0 (98.6) | 32.5 (90.5) | 25.0 (77) | 16.7 (62.1) | 9.7 (49.5) | 22.3 (72.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) | 2.5 (36.5) | 7.7 (45.9) | 12.7 (54.9) | 17.6 (63.7) | 23.6 (74.5) | 28.2 (82.8) | 27.2 (81) | 22.4 (72.3) | 16.0 (60.8) | 8.9 (48) | 3.5 (38.3) | 14.2 (57.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −4.3 (24.3) | −3.0 (26.6) | 1.2 (34.2) | 5.1 (41.2) | 8.2 (46.8) | 11.4 (52.5) | 16.1 (61) | 15.4 (59.7) | 10.6 (51.1) | 6.4 (43.5) | 1.8 (35.2) | −1.7 (28.9) | 5.6 (42.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −24 (−11) | −27.0 (−16.6) | −11.3 (11.7) | −6.1 (21) | −1.0 (30.2) | 2.0 (35.6) | 8.0 (46.4) | 8.0 (46.4) | 1.2 (34.2) | −3.5 (25.7) | −17.0 (1.4) | −17 (1) | −27.0 (−16.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 67.1 (2.64) | 62.9 (2.48) | 88.9 (3.5) | 69.9 (2.75) | 33.7 (1.33) | 0.5 (0.02) | 0.3 (0.01) | 0.3 (0.01) | 1.3 (0.05) | 29.2 (1.15) | 54.3 (2.14) | 70.3 (2.77) | 478.7 (18.85) |
| Average rainy days | 11.4 | 10.7 | 12.6 | 11.0 | 7.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 4.9 | 7.9 | 9.6 | 77.3 |
| Average snowy days | 5.9 | 4.7 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 3.1 | 16.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 71 | 62 | 57 | 49 | 28 | 23 | 23 | 25 | 40 | 59 | 71 | 49 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 134.8 | 150.1 | 180.7 | 204.6 | 268.0 | 348.3 | 349.1 | 336.7 | 304.6 | 242.8 | 187.6 | 147.9 | 2,855.2 |
| Source #1: NOAA [21] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records)[22][23] | |||||||||||||
Sightseeing
Anahita on the left as the patron yazata of the Sassanian dynasty behind Emperor Khosrau Parviz with Ahura Mazda presenting the diadem of sovereignty on the right. Taq-e Bostan.
Kermanshah sights include Kohneh Bridge, Behistun Inscription, Taghbostan, Temple of Anahita, Dinavar, Ganj Dareh, Essaqwand Rock Tombs, Sorkh Deh chamber tomb, Malek Tomb, Hulwan, Median dakhmeh (Darbad, Sahneh), Parav cave, Do-Ashkaft Cave, Tekyeh Moaven al-molk, Dokan Davood Inscription, Sar Pol-e-Zahab, Tagh e gara, Patagh pass, Sarab Niloufar, Ghoori Ghale Cave, Khajeh Barookh's House, Chiyajani Tappe, Statue of Herakles in Behistun complex, Emad al doleh Mosque, Tekyeh Biglarbeigi, Hunters cave, Jamé Mosque of Kermanshah, Godin Tepe, Bas relief of Gotarzes II of Parthia, and Anobanini bas relief.
Taghbostan
Taghbostan is a series of large rock reliefs from the era of Sassanid Empire of Persia, the Iranian dynasty which ruled western Asia from 226 to 650 AD. This example of Sassanid art is located 5 km (3 mi) from the city center of Kermanshah in western Iran. It is located in the heart of the Zagros mountains, where it has endured almost 1,700 years of wind and rain.
The carvings, some of the finest and best-preserved examples of Persian sculpture under the Sassanids, include representations of the investitures of Ardashir II (379–383) and Shapur III (383–388). Like other Sassanid symbols, Taghbostan and its relief patterns accentuate power, religious tendencies, glory, honor, the vastness of the court, game and fighting spirit, festivity, joy, and rejoicing.
Sassanid kings chose a beautiful setting for their rock reliefs along an historic Silk Road caravan route waypoint and campground. The reliefs are adjacent a sacred spring that empties into a large reflecting pool at the base of a mountain cliff.
Taghbostan and its rock relief are one of the 30 surviving Sassanid relics of the Zagros mountains. According to Arthur Pope, the founder of Iranian art and archeology Institute in the USA, "art was characteristic of the Iranian people and the gift which they endowed the world with."
One of the most impressive reliefs inside the largest grotto or ivan is the gigantic equestrian figure of the Sassanid king Khosrau II (591-628 AD) mounted on his favorite charger, Shabdiz. Both horse and rider are arrayed in full battle armor. The arch rests on two columns that bear delicately carved patterns showing the tree of life or the sacred tree. Above the arch and located on two opposite sides are figures of two winged angels with diadems. Around the outer layer of the arch, a conspicuous margin has been carved, jagged with flower patterns. These patterns are also found in the official costumes of Sassanid kings.
Equestrian relief panel measured on 16.08.07 approx. 7.45 m across by 4.25 m high.
Behistun
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 Behistun rock relief and inscription | |
| Location | Mount Behistun, Kermanshah Province, Iran |
| Criteria | Cultural: (ii)(iii) |
| Reference | 1222 |
| Inscription | 2006 (30th Session) |
| Area | 187 ha (0.72 sq mi) |
| Buffer zone | 361 ha (1.39 sq mi) |
| Coordinates | 34°23′18″N 47°26′12″E / 34.38833°N 47.43667°E / 34.38833; 47.43667 |
The Behistun inscription is considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Modern Persian: بیستون ; Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun.
The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Persian cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of Akkadian: both are Semitic languages. In effect, then, the inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script.
The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 metres wide, and 100 metres up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The Old Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines. The inscription was illustrated by a life-sized bas-relief of Darius, holding a bow as a sign of kingship, with his left foot on the chest of a figure lying on his back before him. The prostrate figure is reputed to be the pretender Gaumata. Darius is attended to the left by two servants, and ten one-metre figures stand to the right, with hands tied and rope around their necks, representing conquered peoples. Faravahar floats above, giving his blessing to the king. One figure appears to have been added after the others were completed, as was (oddly enough) Darius' beard,[citation needed] which is a separate block of stone attached with iron pins and lead.
Qajar dynasty monuments
Jame-Shafeie Mosque
During the Qajar dynasty (1794 to 1925), Kermanshah Bazaar, mosques and tekyehs such as Moaven al-molk Mosque, and beautiful houses such as Khajeh Barookh's House were built.
Tekyeh Moaven al-molk is unique because it has many pictures on the walls that relate to shahnameh, despite some of its more religious ones.
Khajeh Barookh's House is located in the old district of Faizabad, a Jewish neighborhood of the city. It was built by a Jewish merchant of the Qajar period, named Barookh/Baruch. The house, an historical depiction of Iranian architecture, was renamed "Randeh-Kesh House", after the last owner, is a "daroongara"(inward oriented) house and is connected through a vestibule to the exterior yard and through a corridor to the interior yard.[24] Surrounding the interior yard are rooms, brick pillars making the iwans(porches) of the house, and step-like column capitals decorated with brick-stalactite work. This house is among the rare Qajar houses with a private bathroom.
Khajeh Barookh's House
Interior of the second room of Zagros Paleolithic Museum.
Bazars
Yahoudi-ha Bazar(Jewish Bazar) or (Islami Bazar) - It is one of the oldest shopping centers in Iran from Qajar period(1785–present) in which you can find traditional clothes, the Kurdish traditional cloth, miscellaneous spice, Giweh, hand made metal knife, hand made leather, and some blacksmith stores, and some stores which sell distilled water from medical plants and flowers.
The Kurds Bazar or (Tarikeh Bazar) - In this shopping center all kinds of jewelry and some special cookies like Nan Berenji Kaak and Naan Khormaei which are the famous souvenirs of Kermanshah are sold.
Economy
Kermanshah is one of the western agricultural core of Iran that produces grain, rice, vegetable, fruits, and oilseeds, however Kermanshah is emerging as a fairly important industrial city; there are two industrial centers with more than 256 manufacturing units in the suburb of the city. These industries include petrochemical refinery, textile manufacturing, food processing, carpet making, sugar refining, and the production of electrical equipment and tools.
Kermanshah Oil Refining Company (KORC) established in 1932 by British companies, is one of the major industries in the city.
After recent changes in Iraq, Kermanshah has become one of the main importing and exporting gates of Iran.
Higher education
Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah [25]
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Kermanshah University of Technology[26]
- Payame Noor University
- Razi University
Notable people
Doris Lessing, writer, 2007 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (born in Kermanshah to British parents)
Mojtaba Mirzadeh, master of violin and setar
Shahram Nazeri, vocalist and musician
Kayhan Kalhor, musician
Rahim Moeini Kermanshahi, poet, lyricist
Shahram Mokri, film director
Pouran Derakhshandeh, film director, producer, screenwriter
Abdol Ali Badrei, commander of the Imperial Iranian Army and the Imperial Guard
Reza Shafiei Jam, actor
Marganita Vogt-Khofri, pianist, classical musician and vocalist
Karim Sanjabi, Iran's attorney during oil nationalization movement, former foreign minister
Massoud Azarnoush, archaeologist
Rashid Yasemi, one of the Five-Masters of Persian Literature
Ali Mohammad Afghani, novelist
Ali Ashraf Darvishian, novelist and writer
Seyed Khalil Alinezhad, Tanbour master
Mirza Mohammad Reza Kalhor, calligrapher
Peter Warr, businessman, racing driver and a manager for several Formula One teams
Abolghasem Lahouti, poet
Sousan (Golandam Taherkhani), singer
Nozar Azadi, actor
Reza Fieze Norouzi, actor
Alexis Kouros, writer, documentary-maker, director and producer
Roknoddin Mokhtari, violin player
Bijan Namdar Zangeneh, minister of Petroleum
Ebrahim Azizi, member and spokesman of the Guardian Council
Mir Jalaleddin Kazzazi, writer
Al-Dinawari, botanist, historian, geographer, astronomer and mathematician
Shahram Amiri, nuclear scientist
Mohammad Ranjbar, former Iran national football team player and headcoach
Mohammad Hassan Mohebbi, light heavyweight freestyle wrestler & Iran's national team coach
Kourosh Bagheri, world weightlifting champion
Ali Mazaheri, 2006 Asian Games gold medalist, Asian champion & Olympic boxer
Homa Hosseini, rower
Ali Akbar Moradi, Musician and Tanbour Player
Guity Novin, painter & graphic designer
Sohrab Pournazeri, musician
Mahshid Amirshahi, writer
Kianoush Rostami, world weight lifting champion
Mojtaba Shamsipour, analytical chemist
Neda Shahsavari, table tennis champion
AbdolReza Razmjoo, musician
Mohammad Salemy, artist, curator, writer
Latif Safari, Reformist politician
Yadollah Behzad Kermanshahi, Poet, teacher
Evin Agassi, singer
Nicky Nodjoumi, modern painter
Reza Karam Rezaei, actor
Darioush Asadzadeh, actor
Makwan Amirkhani, mixed martial artist, UFC champion
Parvin Dowlatshahi, actress
Fakhri Khourvash, actress
Hannibal Alkhas, sculptor, painter, writer
Mohammad Torkashvand, volleyball champion
Jalal Moradi, international soccer referee
Hanif Bali, member of Swedish Riksdag
Aref Lorestani, actor, comedian
Gisu and Mojgan Harriri, architecture,Harriri & Harriri company,USA
Gallery
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Anahita Temple in Kangavar
Mount Dalekhani
Ghouri Ghaleh Cave
Close-Up of Bisotun Inscription
Taghbostan Carving [fn 1]
Footnotes
^ Women playing harp while the king is standing in a boat holding his bow and arrows, from 6th century Sassanid Iran.
Twin towns – sister cities
Roseburg, United States of America
Sicily, Italy (2010)
Gaziantep, Turkey (2010)
Split, Croatia (2011)
See also
- Kalhor
- Kermanshah Province
- Kermanshahi
Warwasi cave- Visual Art High school of Kermanshah
- Ayatollah Ashrafi Esfahani
References
^ https://www.amar.org.ir/english
^ Kermanshah can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3070245" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Arrest of the Assyrian leader of the Kermanshah Church in iran". Assistnews.net. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-12-02..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Iran Chamber society: accessed: September 2010.
^ روزنامه سلام کرمانشاه Persian (Kurdish)
^
آشنایی با فرهنگ و نژاد استان کرمانشاه(Persian)
^ سازمان میراث فرهنگی، صنایع دستی و گردشگری استان کرمانشاه[permanent dead link] بازدید 2010/03/11
^ http://www.shahrekhabar.com/economic/1425128820035607
^ http://www.kordha.ir/?p=1423
^ http://www.mehrnews.com/news/1563659/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-27. Retrieved 2016-03-18.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ www.justice.gov
^ www.artkermanshah.ir/
^ "Most ancient Mid East village discovered in western Iran". 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-02-01. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
^ "با 11800 سال قدمت، قديميترين روستاي خاورميانه در كرمانشاه كشف شد". 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
[dead link]
^ Dehkhoda: Kermanshah Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine..
^ J. Limbert. (1968). The Origins and Appearance of the Kurds in Pre-Islamic Iran. Iranian Studies, 1.2: pp. 41-51.
^ G. Asatrian. (2009). Prolegemona to the Study of Kurds. Iran and the Caucasus, 13.1: pp. 1-58.
^ James, Boris. (2006). Uses and Values of the Term Kurd in Arabic Medieval Literary Sources. Seminar at the American University of Beirut, pp. 6-7.
^ Martin van Bruinessen, "The ethnic identity of the Kurds," in: Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey, compiled and edited by Peter Alford Andrews with Rüdiger Benninghaus [=Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe B, Nr.60]. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwich Reichert, 1989, pp. 613–21. excerpt: "The ethnic label "Kurd" is first encountered in Arabic sources from the first centuries of the Islamic era; it seemed to refer to a specific variety of pastoral nomadism, and possibly to a set of political units, rather than to a linguistic group: once or twice, "Arabic Kurds" are mentioned. By the 10th century, the term appears to denote nomadic and/or transhumant groups speaking an Iranian language and mainly inhabiting the mountainous areas to the South of Lake Van and Lake Urmia, with some offshoots in the Caucasus. ... If there was a Kurdish-speaking subjected peasantry at that time, the term was not yet used to include them."[1] Archived 2015-10-15 at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Kermanshah Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
^
"Highest record temperature in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
^
"Lowest record temperature in Kermanshah by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
^ "سازمان ميراث فرهنگي، گردشگري و صنايع دستي استان كرمانشاه". Kermanshahmiras.ir. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
^ iauksh.ac.ir
^ kut.ac.ir
Sources
Borijan, Habib (2015). "KERMANSHAH i. Geography". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Borijan, Habib (2016). "KERMANSHAH vii. Languages and Dialects". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Calmard, Jean (2015). "KERMANSHAH iv. History from the Arab Conquest to 1953". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Pirnazar, Nahid (2014). "KERMANSHAH viii. The Jewish Community". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
External links
 | Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kermanshah. |
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kermanshah. |
- [2]
Pictures of Inscription and Bas relief of Darius the Great - Free Pictures of IRAN irantooth.com
Photos from Bisotun Complex - From Online Photo Gallery Of Aryo.ir
Photos from Taqwasan - From Online Photo Gallery Of Aryo.ir
Photos from Moavenol Molk Tekieh - From Online Photo Gallery Of Aryo.ir
| Kermanshah Province | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Largest cities or towns in Iran 2016 census | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Name | Province | Pop. | Rank | Name | Province | Pop. | ||
 Tehran  Mashhad | 1 | Tehran | Tehran | 8,693,706 | 11 | Rasht | Gilan | 679,995 |  Isfahan  Karaj |
| 2 | Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | 3,001,184 | 12 | Zahedan | Sistan and Baluchestan | 587,730 | ||
| 3 | Isfahan | Isfahan | 1,961,260 | 13 | Hamadan | Hamadan | 554,406 | ||
| 4 | Karaj | Alborz | 1,592,492 | 14 | Kerman | Kerman | 537,718 | ||
| 5 | Shiraz | Fars | 1,565,572 | 15 | Yazd | Yazd | 529,673 | ||
| 6 | Tabriz | East Azarbaijan | 1,558,693 | 16 | Ardabil | Ardabil | 529,374 | ||
| 7 | Qom | Qom | 1,201,158 | 17 | Bandar Abbas | Hormozgan | 526,648 | ||
| 8 | Ahwaz | Khuzestan | 1,184,788 | 18 | Arak | Markazi | 520,944 | ||
| 9 | Kermanshah | Kermanshah | 946,651 | 19 | Eslamshahr | Tehran | 448,129 | ||
| 10 | Urmia | West Azarbaijan | 736,224 | 20 | Zanjan | Zanjan | 430,871 | ||
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