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The plebs were, in ancient Rome, the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census. The precise origins of the group and the term are unclear, though it may be that they began as a limited political movement in opposition to the elite (patricians) which became more widely applied.^[1]

In ancient Rome

In Latin the word plebs is a singular collective noun, and its genitive is plebis.

The origin of the separation into orders is unclear, and it is disputed when the Romans were divided under the early kings into patricians and plebeians, or whether the clientes (or dependents) of the patricians formed a third group. Certain gentes ("clans") were patrician, as identified by the nomen (family name), but a gens might have both patrician and plebeian branches that shared a nomen but were distinguished by a cognomen, as was the case with the gens Claudia.

The 19th-century historian Barthold Georg Niebuhr held that plebeians began to appear at Rome during the reign of Ancus Marcius and were possibly foreigners settling in Rome as naturalized citizens. In any case, at the outset of the Roman Republic, the patricians had a near monopoly on political and social institutions. Plebeians were excluded from magistracies and religious colleges, and they were not permitted to know the laws by which they were governed. Plebeians served in the army, but rarely became military leaders.

Dissatisfaction with the status quo occasionally mounted to the point that the plebeians engaged in a sort of general strike, a secessio plebis, during which they would withdraw from Rome, leaving the patricians to themselves. From 494 to 287 BC, five such actions during the so-called "Conflict of the Orders" resulted in the establishment of plebeian offices (the tribunes and plebeian aediles), the publication of the laws (the Law of the Twelve Tables), the establishment of the right of plebeian–patrician intermarriage (by the passage of the Lex Canuleia), the opening of the highest offices of government and some state priesthoods to the plebeians and passage of legislation (the Lex Hortensia) that made resolutions passed by the assembly of plebeians, the concilium plebis, binding on all citizens.

Noble plebeians

During the Second Samnite War (326–304 BC), plebeians who had risen to power through these social reforms began to acquire the aura of nobilitas, "nobility" (more literally "notability"), marking the creation of a ruling elite of nobiles that allied the interests of patricians and noble plebeians.^[2] From the mid-4th century to the early 3rd century BC, several plebeian–patrician "tickets" for the consulship repeated joint terms, suggesting a deliberate political strategy of cooperation.^[3] Although nobilitas was not a formal social rank during the Republican era, in general, a plebeian who had attained the consulship was regarded as having brought nobility to his family. Such a man was a novus homo ("new man"), a self-made noble, and his sons and descendants were nobiles.^[4]

Marius and Cicero are notable examples of novi homines in the late Republic, when many of Rome's richest and most powerful men—such as Lucullus, Crassus, and Pompeius—were plebeian nobles. Some or perhaps many noble plebeians, including Cicero and Lucullus, aligned their political interests with the faction of Optimates, conservatives who sought to preserve senatorial prerogatives. By contrast, the Populares, which sought to champion the plebs in the sense of "common people", were sometimes led by patricians such as Julius Caesar and Clodius Pulcher.^{[citation needed]}

Derivatives

United States military academies

Plebes (first year students) marching in front of Bancroft Hall, United States Naval Academy

In the U.S. military, plebes are freshmen at the U.S. Military Academy, U.S. Naval Academy, Valley Forge Military Academy and College, the Marine Military Academy, the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Georgia Military College, and California Maritime Academy. The term is also used for new cadets at the Philippine Military Academy.

British Empire

Early public schools in the United Kingdom would enrol pupils as "plebeians" as opposed to sons of gentry and aristocrats.

In British, Irish, Australian, New Zealand and South African English the back-formation pleb, along with the more recently derived adjectival form plebby,^[5] is used as a derogatory term for someone considered unsophisticated or uncultured.^[6]

See also

• 
  Bread and circuses – Figure of speech referring to a superficial means of appeasement


• 
  Capite censi – The lowest class of citizens of ancient Rome


• 
  Plebeian Council – The principal assembly of the ancient Roman Republic


• 
  Proletariat – The class of wage-earners in an economic society whose only possession of significant material value is their labour-power


• 
  Roman Republic – Period of ancient Roman civilization (509–27 BC)


• 
  Plebgate, (aka Plodgate or Gategate), a 2012 British political scandal involving the use of the word as a slur

Notes

References

• 
  Jackson J. Spielvogel (2008). World History: Journey Across Time. New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill.
  


• 
  Scott Wertsching (2008). What is a Pleb?. Rome: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill.
  

Further reading

• 
  Ferenczy, Endre (1976). From the Patrician State to the Patricio-Plebeian State. Amsterdam: A.M. Hakkert.
  


• 
  Horsfall, Nicholas (2003). The Culture of the Roman Plebs. London: Duckworth.
  


• 
  Millar, Fergus (2002). The Crowd In Rome In the Late Republic. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  


• 
  Mitchell, Richard E. (1990). Patricians and plebeians: The origin of the Roman state. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  


• 
  Morstein-Marx, Robert (2004). Mass oratory and political power in the late Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  


• 
  Mouritsen, Henrik (2001). Plebs and politics in the late Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  


• 
  Raaflaub, Kurt A. (2004). Social struggles in Archaic Rome: New perspectives on the conflict of the orders (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
  


• 
  Vanderbroeck, Paul J.J. (1987). Popular leadership and collective behavior in the late Roman Republic (ca. 80–50 B.C.). Amsterdam: Gieben.
  


• 
  Vishnia, Rachel Feig (1996). State, Society, and Popular Leaders In Mid-Republican Rome 241-167 BC. London: Routledge.
  


• 
  Williamson, Callie (2005). The laws of the Roman people: Public law in the expansion and decline of the Roman Republic. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  

External links

Look up pleb in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, article Plebs
  


• Livius.org: Plebs


• 
  Texts on Wikisource:
  
  
  
  • 
    "Plebeians" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
    
  
  
  • 
    "Plebeians" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
    
  
  
  • 
    "Plebs" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.