Leutnant
 | |||
| |||
| Rank insignia | German officer rank | ||
| Introduction | 1871 | ||
| Rank group | Commissioned officers | ||
| Army / Air Force | Leutnant | ||
| Navy | Leutnant zur See | ||
| NATO equivalent | OF-1b | ||
| Army | Second lieutenant | ||
| Air Force | Second lieutenant | ||
| Navy | Ensign (rank) | ||
Leutnant (German pronunciation: [ˈlɔʏtnant]; OF-1b) is the lowest Lieutenant officer rank in the armed forces of Germany (Bundeswehr), Austrian Armed Forces, and military of Switzerland.
Contents
1 History
2 Germany
2.1 Bundeswehr
2.1.1 Rank
2.2 National People's Army
2.3 Nazi Germany
3 Other countries
3.1 Austria
3.1.1 Austro-Hungarian Army
3.2 Switzerland
4 References
History
The German noun (with the meaning “Stellvertreter” (in English "deputy") from Middle High German «locum tenens» Platzhalter (in English "place holder") was derived from the French word «Lieutenant» about 1500. In most German-speaking armies it is the lowest officer rank (in German-speaking navies «Leutnant zur See» (English "Lieutenant at sea"). In the German Bundeswehr the ranks Leutnant OF1b and Oberleutnant OF1a belong to the Leutnant rank group. In some other armed forces (such as the former National People's Army) there is the lower grade of Unterleutnant (OR1c).
From about 1500 until the middle of the 17th century the designation of «Leutnant» was commonly used for any deputy to a commanding officer. So at the army level there was the appointment of General-Leutnant (English "lieutenant-general"), at the regimental level there was that of Oberst-Leutnant (English "lieutenant-colonel"), and at the company level the Leutnant was deputy to a Hauptmann (English "captain").
With the formation of standing armies in the second half of the 17th century, the term commonly came to designate the rank of the least senior commissioned officer.
In the 18th and 19th century, at the unit level several Leutnants served as platoon leaders. At that time the ranks of Premier-Lieutenant and Seconde-Lieutenant came into existence. With effect from January 1, 1899 in the German Empire these ranks were renamed as Oberleutnant and Leutnant.[1]
Germany
The term «Leutnant» (OF1b-rank) has been used in German armed forces since 1899.
Bundeswehr
In the Bundeswehr today the «Leutnant» (OF1b-rank) will be normally appointed as platoon leader. However, the rank of «Leutnant» might also be held while a junior officer is studying at the University of the German Federal Armed Forces or at another training or education establishment. The «Leutnant» of the Bundeswehr belongs to the Leutnant’s rank group (also: subaltern officer rank group).
Rank
In Germany Leutnant (short.: Lt / on lists also: L) is the designation of a soldier of the lowest officer rank. The equivalent in the German Navy (Deutsche Marine) is the Leutnant zur See.
| junior Rank Oberstabsfeldwebel |   (German officer rank) | senior Rank Oberleutnant |
| Rank insignias «Leutnant» / «Leutnant zur See» (OF-1b) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  | ||||||||
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Uniform (basic version Jägertruppe) | Field uniform (Jägertruppe) | Field uniform (Reservist Logistik) | Field uniform (SanOA (vet.)) | Uniform (basic version) | Field uniform | Field uniform (Lw SanOA (dent.)) | Shoulder board | Shoulder board (SanOA (hum.)) | Cuff title | Mounting loop |
Soldiers with that particular OF1b-rank, are mandated and authorized to provide military orders as to the so-called Superior-subordinate relations to private ranks (OR1 to OR4 / de: Mannschaften), NCOs without port épée (OR5b and OR5a / de: Unteroffiziere ohne port épée), as well as to Senior NCOs with port épée (OR6 to OR9 / de: Unteroffizier mit port épée).
National People's Army
In the GDR National People's Army (NPA) the OF1b-rank «Leutnant» was the second lowest commissioned offer (CO) rank until 1990. This was in reference to the Soviet military doctrine and in line to other armed forces of the Warsaw pact.
The equivalent rank of the Volksmarine (en: GDR Navy) was the Leutnant zur See, later simple Leutnant. However, internal the wording Leutnant zur See was used continuously. In reference to the Soviet armed forces and to other armed forces of the Warsaw pact Leutnant was the second lowest officer rank until 1990.
| Junior Rank Unterleutnant |  National People's Army rank Leutnant (Leutnant zur See) | Senior Rank Oberleutnant |
| Rank insignias «Leutnant» / «Leutnant zur See» (OF-1b) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Land forces |  Air Force |  GDR Border troops |  Volksmarine | ||||||
 |  |  |  |  | |||||
| Leutnant | Leutnant zur See | ||||||||
Nazi Germany
In Nazi Germany, within the SS and Waffen-SS, the rank of SS-Untersturmführer was considered to be the equivalent of an Leutnant (OF1b) in the German Army. However, in the SA the equivalent to Leutnant was SA-Sturmführer.[2][3]
Other countries
Austria
 | |||
| |||
| Rank insignia | Austrian Bundesheer | ||
| Introduction | |||
| Rank group | Offiziere (en: Commissioned officers) | ||
| Army / Air Force | Leutnant | ||
| Navy | no equivalent | ||
| Lower: Higher: | Fähnrich | ||
Oberleutnant | |||
| NATO equivalent | OF1-b | ||
In Austria the Leutnant (short: Lt) is the second lowest CO rank. Mandatory to be promoted to that OF1b-rank is a six terms course of high school studies (until August 2008 eight terms) with 180 ECTS points on the Theresian Military Academy in the Wiener Neustadt. The studies are focused on “Military Command and Control” (C2) and the academy-leaver graduate to Bachelor.
The career in the Militia is structured in a different way. Here the modular education comprises the so-called one-year volunteer year (de: Einjährig-Freiwilliger [EF][4]) as well as several courses, seminars, and exercises with a final aptitude test. After an overall service time of five years the promotion to «Leutnant» is possible.
Moreover, the appointment designation «Leutnant» is possible for leading officials (E1) of the Austrian executive, e.g. the Austrian Federal Police (ge: Bundespolizei) and prison authority personnel (de: Justizwache).
Austro-Hungarian Army
Until 1918 Leutnant (hu: Hadnagy) was in the Austria-Hungarian Army the lowest CO-rank as well, equivalent to Assistenz-Arzt and Leutnant-Rechnungsführer.
| Description | Rank | Insignia | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| German | Hungarian | English | class | Army | Mountain infantry | |
Low grade officers | ||||||
Leutnant also:
| Hadnagy | Second lieutenant | XI |  |  | |
Switzerland
 | |||
| |||
| Rank insignia | Swiss army | ||
| Introduction | |||
| Rank group | Subalternoffiziere (en: Subaltern commissioned officers) | ||
| Army / Air Force | Leutnant | ||
| Navy | no equivalent | ||
| Lower: Higher: | Chefadjutant | ||
Oberleutnant | |||
| NATO equivalent | OF-1b | ||
In the military of Switzerland the Leutnant (Lt; lieutenant, tenente) is a commissioned officer rank (NATO-Code: OF-1b). At the contrary to the so-called Army-95 time a Leutnant / platoon leader might not be promoted to Oberleutnant automatically. However, he remains Leutnant during two reiteration courses.
In United Nations missions and in NATO Partnership for Peace the rank Leutnant will be designated in English with Second lieutenant (2Lt), NATO-Code: OF-1b.
References
^ BROCKHAUS, The encyclopedia in 24 volumes (1796–2001), Volume 13: 3-7653-3673-4, page 354; definition: «Leutnant».
^ Flaherty 2004, p. 148.
^ McNab 2009, p. 15.
^ Langenscheidt´s Encyclopaedic Dictionary of the English and German language: „Der Große Murat-Sander“, Part II German-English First Volume A–K, 9th edition 2002, p. 449
Die Streitkräfte der Republik Österreich, 1918-1968, Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Militärwissenschaftliches Institut, 1968.
