Gerhard Barkhorn






















































Gerhard Barkhorn
Barkhorn33.jpg
Nickname(s) Gerd
Born
(1919-03-20)20 March 1919
Königsberg, Free State of Prussia
Died 8 January 1983(1983-01-08) (aged 63)
Frechen/Cologne, West Germany
Allegiance



  •  Nazi Germany


  •  West Germany
Service/branch



  • Balkenkreuz (Iron Cross) Luftwaffe


  • Bundeswehrkreuz (Iron Cross) German Air Force
Years of service


  • 1937–45

  • 1956–75
Rank


  • Major (Wehrmacht)

  • Generalmajor (Bundeswehr)
Unit
JG 2, JG 52, JG 6 and JV 44
Commands held 4./JG 52, II./JG 52, JG 6,
Jagdbombergeschwader 31 Boelcke
Battles/wars

See battles


World War II



  • Battle of France

  • Battle of Britain

  • Eastern Front


  • Operation Barbarossa

    • Operation Blue

    • Operation Citadel

    • Crimean Offensive (1944)

    • Operation Bagration



  • Defense of the Reich
Awards Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

Gerhard "Gerd" Barkhorn (20 March 1919 – 8 January 1983) was the second most successful fighter ace of all time after fellow Luftwaffe pilot Erich Hartmann. Other than Hartmann, Barkhorn is the only fighter ace to ever exceed 300 confirmed victories. Barkhorn joined the Luftwaffe in 1937 and completed his training in 1939.


Barkhorn flew his first combat missions in May 1940, during the Battle of France and then the Battle of Britain without shooting down any aircraft. His first "victory" came in July 1941 and his total rose steadily against Soviet opposition. In March 1944 he was awarded the third-highest decoration in the Wehrmacht when he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords for 250 aerial victories. Despite being the second-highest scoring pilot in aviation history, Barkhorn was not awarded the Diamonds to his Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords after achieving his 300th victory on 5 January 1945.


Barkhorn flew 1,104 combat sorties and was credited with 301 victories on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Red Air Force piloting the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190D-9. He flew with the famed Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing), alongside fellow aces Hartmann and Günther Rall, and Jagdgeschwader 2 (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing). Less than two weeks later he left JG 52 on the Eastern Front and joined Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing), defending Germany from Western Allied air attack.


Barkhorn surrendered to the Western Allies in May 1945 and was released later that year. After the war Barkhorn joined the German Air Force of the Bundeswehr, serving until 1976. On 6 January 1983, Barkhorn was involved in a car crash with his wife Christl. She died instantly and Gerhard died two days later on 8 January 1983.




Contents






  • 1 Early life and career


  • 2 World War II


    • 2.1 Eastern Front


    • 2.2 Defense of the Reich




  • 3 Later life and service


  • 4 Summary of career


    • 4.1 Aerial victory claims


    • 4.2 Awards




  • 5 Notes


  • 6 References


    • 6.1 Citations


    • 6.2 Bibliography







Early life and career


Barkhorn was born on 20 March 1919 in Königsberg in the Free State of Prussia of the Weimar Republic. Today it is Kaliningrad in Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea. He was one of four children of Stadtbauoberinspektor (urban design inspector) Wilhelm and his wife Therese. Barkhorn had two brothers, Helmut and Dieter, and a sister Meta.[1][Note 1]




Barkhorn attended the Wilhelms-Gymnasium in Königsberg.


Following four years of Volksschule (primary school), Barkhorn attended the Wilhelms-Gymnasium, a secondary school, where he graduated with his Abitur (diploma). After his compulsory Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service) Barkhorn joined the military service in Luftwaffe of the Nazi Germany in November 1937 as a Fahnenjunker (Cadet). He started his flight training in March 1938.[2][Note 2]


World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland and Barkhorn was selected for specialized fighter pilot training. Upon completion of his training, he was commissioned as a Leutnant (Second Lieutenant) and posted to 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) in Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing).[2] This unit had an old tradition and was named after the World War I fighter pilot Manfred von Richthofen. He was flight trained by Franz Stigler,[5] who would later become a Luftwaffe ace himself. He was then transferred to the 6. Staffel (6th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) on 1 August 1940.[Note 3]



World War II


Barkhorn flew his first combat sorties over Belgium and France during the Battle of France and later over southern England during the Battle of Britain, flying the Messerschmitt Bf 109E. On 1 August 1940 Barkhorn was transferred to 6./Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52). He did not have any success, although he flew some 21 combat sorties and was shot down in the English Channel on 29 October by RAF fighters.[6] Shortly thereafter he was rewarded with the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse). In the Staffel, he flew alongside another promising pilot, Hans-Joachim Marseille.



Eastern Front


In 1941, JG 52 was transferred to the east and participated in Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, on 22 June 1941. Subsequently, Gerhard Barkhorn scored his first victory by shooting down a Red Air Force DB-3 bomber on 2 July, flying his 120th combat sortie.[7] By November his tally had reached 10 victories and he was promoted to Oberleutnant on 11 November 1941.


On 21 May 1942 Barkhorn was appointed Staffelkapitän of 4./JG 52. He continued to add to his score over the next year, until on 19 July when he became "ace-in-a-day" by shooting down six aircraft in his Bf 109F. He was wounded on 25 July and put out of action for two months, returning to combat in October. During July 1942, Barkhorn had destroyed 30 Soviet aircraft.[8] On 23 August he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) for having shot down a total of 59 aircraft.[9] After a two-month break from the front he returned to action in early October. On 19 December 1942, Barkhorn had raised his score to 101 victories.[10] That day, he became the 32nd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[11] On 9 January 1943, Barkhorn claimed his 105th kill. His victims included Lieutenant Vasiliyev, and Hero of the Soviet Union Podpolkovnik Lev Shestakov of the 236 IAP Fighter Regiment.[Note 4] Barkhorn strafed their Yakovlev Yak-1 fighters until they caught fire. Both pilots survived.[12] Barkhorn was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 11 January 1943.




Gerhard Barkhorn's Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 of Stab II./JG 52, November 1943


Barkhorn, now a Hauptmann, was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of II./JG 52 on 1 September 1943. On 5 September he shot down Hero of the Soviet Union and Soviet fighter ace Nikolay Klepikov, an ace with 10 personal and 32 shared victories. This was offset by the loss of II./JG 52's 173-kill ace Oberleutnant Heinz Schmidt. The two Lavochkin La-5s shot down by Barkhorn were his 165th and 166th aerial victories.[13] Barkhorn reached the 200 mark on 30 November 1943.[14] This achievement was mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht, a propaganda radio report, the first of two such mentions, on 2 December 1943. The main German fighter unit covering the Crimea and Kuban was his II./JG 52 and in the three months between December 1943 and 13 February 1944 the unit claimed 350 victories, of which 50 were claimed by Barkhorn personally.[15] On 13 February 1944 he reached 250 victories,[16] prompting a price being put on his head by the Red Air Force. He had claimed 15 victories in September, 23 in November and 28 in December, including seven on 28 December alone.


On 2 March 1944 he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern). He attended the wedding of fellow pilot Erich Hartmann as best man. Barkhorn was promoted to Major (major) on 1 May 1944.[17] On 31 May, on 273 victories, he was shot down by Soviet P-39 Airacobras. Flying his sixth mission of that day he intercepted some Soviet bombers but failed to notice the escorting fighters. His Bf 109G-6 was severely damaged and despite severe wounds to his right shoulder and leg he managed to crash-land behind his own lines, but was hospitalized for four months. It has not been possible to identify the Soviet pilot who shot him down, but it was not, as some sources suggest, high scoring Soviet ace Aleksandr Pokryshkin who was not in the area at the time.


Eventually returning to his unit the psychological damage and combat stress on Barkhorn became apparent; sitting in his cockpit he became overcome with anxiety, and even when flying with friendly aircraft behind him he felt intense fear. It took several weeks for him to overcome this condition.[18] Returning to combat in October he claimed his 275th victory on 14 November. Over the next few weeks Barkhorn added another 26 kills, scoring his 301st (and final) victory on 5 January 1945.[19]



Defense of the Reich


On 16 January 1945 Barkhorn was assigned as Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) to Jagdgeschwader 6 (JG 6—6th Fighter Wing), a unit assigned to defend the Reich and equipped with the Focke-Wulf Fw 190D. Barkhorn led this unit until the end-March 1945. During his ten weeks tenure as Geschwaderkommodore of JG 6, he did not claim any aerial victories.[20] JG 6 was a unit consisting mostly of new recruits and former Bf-110 pilots; it suffered heavy losses against the American air fleets. Barkhorn did not last long in this position and was forced to take a medical absence because of severe physical and mental strain.[citation needed]


After his hospitalization Barkhorn was invited by Adolf Galland to join the elite Jagdverband 44 (JV 44—44th Fighter Detachment) flying the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet-fighter. He found flying the Me 262 over the western front difficult and he did not score any victories in it.[21] On 21 April 1945, he flew his 1,104th and last mission. One of the engines of his aircraft flamed out as he was approaching an enemy bomber formation and he was forced to make an emergency landing. As he approached the airfield, his jet was attacked by several prowling North American P-51 Mustang fighters. Barkhorn managed to land his burning plane though he received a slight wound as a result of this action when the cockpit canopy — which on the Me 262A, flipped open to starboard, like a Bf 109's did — prior to crash landing, slammed shut on his neck.[22] Taken prisoner by the Western Allies while still in hospital, he was released from Allied captivity in September 1945.


Barkhorn claimed 301 victories in 1,104 operational sorties. His total included 110 Yak fighters, 87 LaGG fighters, 21 Il-2s and 12 twin-engined medium bombers. He was shot down 9 times, bailed out once and was wounded 3 times.



Later life and service


After Barkhorn was released as a prisoner of war, he then found work in the automobile industry. Following the decision of the Cabinet of Germany to rearm the Federal Republic of Germany, Barkhorn joined the military service of the West German Air Force in 1956. From 1 April 1957 to 31 December 1962, he commanded the Jagdbombergeschwader 31 "Boelcke" (JaBoG 31—Fighter-Bomber Wing 31). In 1964 he was posted to the staff of Luftwaffen-Erprobungskommando (Air Force Test Command) holding the rank of Colonel.[4]


From October 1964 until November 1965, Colonel Barkhorn headed the six-man West German Air Force contingent of the Tripartite Kestrel Evaluation Squadron at Royal Air Force Station West Raynham, Norfolk, England. The squadron’s mission was to evaluate the military capabilities of the VSTOL Kestrel (aka the Hawker Siddeley P1127 and forerunner of the Harrier VSTOL aircraft). The squadron consisted of military pilots and ground staff from three nations: Great Britain, USA and West Germany. In addition to being one of the squadron pilots, Barkhorn also served as one of the squadron’s two Deputy Commanders. At the conclusion of the evaluation, Barkhorn then accompanied the American contingent to the USA, where he assisted in that nation’s continuing trials of six of the Kestrels that had been shipped to the USA and renamed the XV-6A.[23]


Barkhorn was promoted to Brigadier general in 1969 and to Major general in 1973. His last position was Chief of Staff of the Second Allied Tactical Air Force, a NATO military formation under Allied Air Forces Central Europe. He retired from active service on 30 September 1975.[4]


On 6 January 1983 he and his wife were involved in a car crash near Cologne. His wife died instantly and Barkhorn, without regaining consciousness, died in hospital in Frechen/Cologne on 8 January 1983. They were buried in Tegernsee, Bavaria.[24]



Summary of career



Aerial victory claims


Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 300 aerial victory claims, plus one further unconfirmed claim. All of his aerial victories were claimed on the Eastern Front.[25]


Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 44793". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.[26]










































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Awards




  • Wound Badge in Black[65]


  • Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold with Pennant "1,100"[65]


  • Combined Pilots-Observation Badge[65]


  • Honorary Cup of the Luftwaffe on 20 July 1942 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän[66][67]


  • German Cross in Gold on 21 August 1942 as Oberleutnant in the 4./Jagdgeschwader 52[68]


  • Iron Cross (1939)

    • 2nd class (23 October 1940)[69][70]

    • 1st class (3 December 1940)[69][70]




  • Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

    • Knight's Cross on 23 August 1942 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 4./Jagdgeschwader 52[71][72]

    • 175th Oak Leaves on 11 January 1943 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 4./Jagdgeschwader 52[71][73]

    • 52nd Swords on 2 March 1944 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the II./Jagdgeschwader 52[71][74]



  • Two named references in the Wehrmachtbericht (2 December 1943, 14 February 1944)[75][76]



Notes





  1. ^ His sister Meta died of appendicitis during the compulsory Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service). His brother Helmut was killed in action as a Fahnenjunker-Feldwebel on the first days of the Battle of France when his vehicle ran on a land mine.[2] His younger brother Dieter was killed in 1943 as Leutnant and pilot on the Western Front.[3] His father was conscripted into the Volkssturm (people's militia) and went missing in action in the Battle of Königsberg.[4]


  2. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.


  3. ^ For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organisation of the Luftwaffe during World War II.


  4. ^ IAP—Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk (Fighter Aviation Regiment—Истребительный Авиационный Полк)


  5. ^ abcdefghijk The "m.H." refers to a Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).


  6. ^ According to Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, this claim was with 4./JG 52 as Barkhorn was Staffelkapitän of 4. Staffel until 31 August 1943.[57] Matthews and Foreman state that this claim was with Stab II./JG 52.[58]




References



Citations





  1. ^ Stockert 2012, pp. 302, 306.


  2. ^ abc Stockert 2012, p. 302.


  3. ^ Stockert 2012, p. 303.


  4. ^ abc Stockert 2012, p. 306.


  5. ^ A Higher Call, pg 16


  6. ^ Weal 2004, p. 35.


  7. ^ Weal 2001, p. 25.


  8. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 55.


  9. ^ Weal 2001, p. 59.


  10. ^ Bergström 2007b, pp. 102–103.


  11. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.


  12. ^ Bergström 2007b, pp. 110–111.


  13. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 27.


  14. ^ Weal 2001, p. 72.


  15. ^ Bergström 2008, pp. 45–46.


  16. ^ Weal 2001, p. 73.


  17. ^ Weal 2004.


  18. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 56.


  19. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 86.


  20. ^ Weal 1998, p. 80.


  21. ^ Weal 2006.


  22. ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 71.


  23. ^ Carlin 2017, pp. xvi, 8, 36, 48, 73–74, 87, 88, 99–100, 102.


  24. ^ Stockert 2012, p. 307.


  25. ^ Matthews & Foreman 2014, pp. 40–46.


  26. ^ Planquadrat.


  27. ^ Matthews & Foreman 2014, p. 40.


  28. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 41.


  29. ^ abcd Prien et al. 2003, p. 44.


  30. ^ ab Prien et al. 2003, p. 43.


  31. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 45.


  32. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 46.


  33. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 47.


  34. ^ Matthews & Foreman 2014, pp. 40–43.


  35. ^ abcde Prien et al. 2006, p. 481.


  36. ^ abcd Prien et al. 2006, p. 496.


  37. ^ abcdefghijkl Prien et al. 2006, p. 497.


  38. ^ abcdef Prien et al. 2006, p. 482.


  39. ^ abcdefgh Prien et al. 2006, p. 483.


  40. ^ abcd Prien et al. 2006, p. 498.


  41. ^ abcdefghij Prien et al. 2006, p. 484.


  42. ^ abcdefghijklm Prien et al. 2012, p. 378.


  43. ^ abcdefghijkl Prien et al. 2006, p. 485.


  44. ^ ab Prien et al. 2012, p. 379.


  45. ^ abcdef Prien et al. 2012, p. 382.


  46. ^ abc Prien et al. 2012, p. 383.


  47. ^ abcdefghijklm Prien et al. 2006, p. 486.


  48. ^ abcde Prien et al. 2012, p. 384.


  49. ^ ab Prien et al. 2012, p. 385.


  50. ^ abcdefgh Prien et al. 2012, p. 386.


  51. ^ abcdef Prien et al. 2006, p. 491.


  52. ^ abcdefghi Prien et al. 2012, p. 387.


  53. ^ abcdefgh Prien et al. 2006, p. 492.


  54. ^ abc Prien et al. 2006, p. 494.


  55. ^ abcdefghijk Prien et al. 2012, p. 388.


  56. ^ abcd Prien et al. 2006, p. 495.


  57. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 374, 496.


  58. ^ Matthews & Foreman 2014, pp. 43.


  59. ^ Matthews & Foreman 2014, p. 43–46.


  60. ^ abcdefghijkl Prien et al. 2012, p. 389.


  61. ^ abcdefghijklm Prien et al. 2012, p. 392.


  62. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqr Prien et al. 2012, p. 393.


  63. ^ abcdefghijklm Prien et al. 2012, p. 394.


  64. ^ abcdefg Prien et al. 2012, p. 395.


  65. ^ abc Berger 1999, p. 20.


  66. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 45.


  67. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 35.


  68. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 24.


  69. ^ ab MacLean 2007, p. 223.


  70. ^ ab Thomas 1997, p. 22.


  71. ^ abc Scherzer 2007, p. 202.


  72. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 122.


  73. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 65.


  74. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 42.


  75. ^ The Wehrmacht Reports 1939–1945 Volume 2, p. 619.


  76. ^ The Wehrmacht Reports 1939–1945 Volume 3, p. 34.




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  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-77-9.


  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/II—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/II—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-05-5.


  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.


  • Stockert, Peter (2012) [1997]. Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2 [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2] (in German) (4th ed.). Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick. ISBN 978-3-9802222-9-7.


  • Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6.


  • Weal, John (2001). Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-084-1.


  • Weal, John (2006). Bf 109 Defense of the Reich Aces. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-879-0.


  • Weal, John (1998). Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Russian Front. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-518-0.


  • Weal, John (2004). Jagdgeschwader 52: The Experten (Aviation Elite Units). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-786-4.


  • Die Wehrmachtberichte 1939–1945 Band 2, 1. Januar 1942 bis 31. Dezember 1943 [The Wehrmacht Reports 1939–1945 Volume 2, 1 January 1942 to 31 December 1943] (in German). München, Germany: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. 1985. ISBN 978-3-423-05944-2.


  • Die Wehrmachtberichte 1939–1945 Band 3, 1. Januar 1944 bis 9. Mai 1945 [The Wehrmacht Reports 1939–1945 Volume 3, 1 January 1944 to 9 May 1945] (in German). München, Germany: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. 1985. ISBN 978-3-423-05944-2.















Military offices
Preceded by
Major Johann Kogler
Commander of Jagdgeschwader 6 Horst Wessel
16 January 1945 – 9 April 1945
 Succeeded by
Major Gerhard Schöpfel
Preceded by
none
Commander of Jagdbombergeschwader 31 Boelcke
September 1957 – December 1962
 Succeeded by
Oberstleutnant Wilhelm Meyn













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