Dir (clan)




Main article: Somali people
































Dir
(در (النبيلة
Regions with significant populations

 Ethiopia
 n/a

 Djibouti
 n/a

 Somalia
 n/a

 Kenya
 n/a

 United Kingdom
 n/a
Languages
Somali
Religion

Islam (Sunni, Sufism)
Related ethnic groups

Rahanweyn, Hawiye and other Samaale, and also Isaaq, Darod or other Somali people

The Dir (Somali: Dir, Dirweyn, Direed or Beesha Direed, Arabic: در , قبيلة در , بنو در , قبيلة أبوكار , بنو أبوكار‎, Abukar) is a major Somali clan. Its members inhabit northwestern Somalia, Ethiopia (Somali, Oromia and Afar regions), and northeastern Kenya (North Eastern Province).[1][2][3][4]




Contents






  • 1 History


  • 2 Lineage


  • 3 Branches


  • 4 Political groups


  • 5 Clan tree


  • 6 Notable Dir figures


  • 7 Historical publications


  • 8 See also


  • 9 Notes





History




Traditional territory inhabited by the Dir shown.[5]


The Dir clan is one of the oldest clans in the Horn of Africa and the oldest clan among the Somalis.[6][7][8][9] They are also a clan who have retained their ancient Cushitic culture.[10] The history of Islam being practiced by the Dir clan goes back 1400 years. In Zeila, a Dir city, a mosque called Masjid al-Qiblatayn (Somalia) is known as the site of where early companions of the Prophet established a mosque shortly after the first Migration to Abyssinia[11] By the 7th century, a large-scale conversion to Islam was taking place in Somalia, first spread by the Dir clan family, to the rest of the nation.[12]


The early Adal Kingdom (9th century to 13th century) was an exclusive Dir Kingdom with its capital being Zeila.[13] In the 10th century, the Jarso clan a sub-division of Dir established the Dawaro Sultanate centred in Hararghe Highlands.


Dir is one of the oldest clans in the Horn of Africa. According to the Muslim chronicles, two of the oldest monarchies in the northern region, the Ifat and Adal sultanates, were led by Dir.[14]


The Dir-Madaxweyne Akisho, along with the Gurgura, Issa and Gadabuursi subclans of the Dir represent the most native and indigenous Somali tribes in Harar.[15][16][17]


The city Dire Dawa was originally called Dir Dhabe and used to be part of Adal Sultanate during the medieval times and was exclusively settled by Dir which is a major Somali tribe and after the weakening of Adal Sultanate, the Oromos took advantage and were able to penetrate through the city and settle into these areas and also assimilate some of the local Gurgura clan.[18]


The Dir clan used to be the predominant inhabitants of Hararghe Highlands in the medieval times until the weakening of Adal Sultanate the opportunist Oromos took advantage of the crippling state and decided to invade and occupy the Haraghe Highlands and assimilate the local native Somali population which were Jarso, Akisho, Gurgura, Nole, Metta, Oborra and Bursuk who were all sub-clans of Dir a major Somali tribe and were later confederated into Oromo tribe, the Afran Qallo clan.


The Somalis, principally the Dir clan used to inhabit the Awash River. The Afars were mostly concentrated in the Red Sea and the Lake Abbe while Somalis during the medieval times inhabited Awash river which was back then called "Webiga Dir" named after its tribe. After the weakening of Adal Sultanate, the Somalis left Awash river and allowed Afars to settle in Awash river to serve as a buffer zone between the Somalis and Abyssinians.[19]


The Dir were supporters of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi during his 16th century conquest of Abyssinia; especially the Gurgura, Issa, Bursuk and Gadabuursi.[20] In his medieval Futuh Al-Habash documenting this campaign, the chronicler Shihāb al-Dīn indicates that thousands of Dir soldiers took part in Imam Ahmad's Adal Sultanate army.[21]


The Dir clan also led a revolt against the Italians during the colonial period. This revolt was mainly led by the Biimaal section of the Dir. The Biimaal clan is widely known for leading a resistance against the colonials in southern Somalia.The Biimaal violently resisted the imposition of colonialism and fought against the Italian colonialists of Italian Somaliland in a twenty-year war known as the Biimaal revolt in which many of their warriors assassinated several Italian governors. This revolt can be compared to the war of the Mad Mullah in northern Somalia.[22][23][24] The Biimaal mainly lives in Southern Somalia, the Somali region of Ethiopia, which their Gaadsen sub-clan mainly inhabits and in the NEP region of Kenya.[25][26] The Biimaal are pastoralists. They were also successful merchants and traders in the 19th century.[27] In the 19th century they have engaged in multiple wars with the Geledi clan, which they were victorious in.[27][24]



Lineage


I.M. Lewis and many sources maintain that the Dir together with the Hawiye trace ancestry through Irir son of Samaale.[28][29][30][31][32] Dir is regarded as the father-in-law of Darod, the progenitor of the Darod clan[33] Although some sources state it was the daughter of Hawiye who Darod married.[34][35][36]


Dir clan lineages:



  • Madahweyne Dir - Akisho (Gurre), Gurgura, Barsuug

  • Madaluug Dir - Gadabuursi

  • Madoobe Dir - Issa

  • Meha Dir - Biimaal, Surre,Quranyow-Garre


According to others, Dir had a fifth son, Qaldho Dir.


DNA analysis of Dir clan members inhabiting Djibouti found that all of the individuals belonged to the Y-DNA T1 paternal haplogroup.[37]



Branches


The main sub-clans of the Dir today are the




  • Akisho "Akisho" [38]


  • Issa "Essa"[38]


  • Bimaal "Bimal"[38][39]


  • Gadabuursi "Gadabursi"[38]


  • Jaarso "Jaarso"


  • Surre [40][39]


  • Quranyow of the Garre


  • Gurgura "Gurgure"[41][42]

  • Garrire "Gerire" [38]

  • Gurre "Goora"[38]

  • Bajimal "Bajumal"[38]


  • Barsuug "Bursuk"[38]



Political groups


Political groups associated with the Dir clans include the following groups in Somalia, Djibouti and Ethiopia:



  • Front for the Liberation of the Somali Coast

  • Democratic Union Issa

  • Gurgura Liberation Front led by Abdelasis Ahmed


  • Western Somali Liberation Front, led by Abdi Ismail and representing the Gadabursi.

  • United Somali Front, USF, representing the Issa in Somalia.[43]


  • Horyal Democratic Front , Horyal, representing the Gadabursi in Ethiopia


  • Issa and Gurgura Liberation Front of Ethiopia.

  • Somali Democratic Alliance, SDA, representing the Gadabursi in Somalia.[44]

  • Southern Somali National Movement of the mostly Mohamed Xiniftire Dir Clans (Surre, Biamal) of Jubba, Gedo, Bardheere, and Shabeellaha Hoose region.

  • Democratic Liberation Front supported Central Somalia Dir groups.

  • Alliance Ahlusunna Wal-jam'a in central Somalia (Surre)



Clan tree


The following list is based on Nuova Antologia (1890),[45] I.M. Lewis's book People of the Horn of Africa,[38] and a paper published in March 2002 by Ambroso Guido: Clanship, Conflict and Refugees: An Introduction to Somalis in the Horn of Africa.[46]


  • Samaale
    • Irir

      • Dir

        • Murdadle
          • Madobe

            • Issa

              • Eleye

              • Walaldon

              • Horone

              • Furlabe

              • Urweyn

              • Wardey





        • Madaluug

          • Gadabursi/Samaron[47][45]

            • Habar Makador

              • Makahil

                • Makail Dera (Makayl-Dheere)

                • Gibril Yūnus

                • Adan Yūnus

                • Nur Yūnus (Reer Nuur)



              • Mahad 'Asse

                • Bahabr Abokr

                • Bahabr Aden

                • Bahabr 'Eli





            • Habar 'Affan




        • Madahwein

          • Akisho

          • Jaarso

          • Gurgura

          • Gurre

          • Gariire

          • Bursuk



        • Mahad

          • Quranyow

          • Surre


          • Quranyow (Garre)[3][4]


          • Biimaal

            • Gaadsen

            • Daadoow

            • Sa'ad

            • Da'ud

            • Suleiman (Saleiban)

            • Ismiin



          • Bajimal








Notable Dir figures




  • Abdi Hassan Buni, politician, minister of British Somaliland and first deputy prime minister of the Somali Republic.


  • Abdi Ismail Samatar, Somali scholar, writer and professor.


  • Abdi Sinimo, a Somali singer and songwriter,noted for having established the balwo genre of Somali music.[48][49]


  • Abdi Warsame Isaq, chairman of the Southern Somali National Movement.


  • Abdikarim Yusuf Adam, previous leader of Somali National Army


  • Abdirahman Aw Ali Farah, First Somaliland Vice President between 1993-1997.[50]


  • Abdirahman Duale Beyle, former Foreign Affairs Minister of Somalia an economist[51]


  • Abdirahman Haji Aden Ibbi, former Deputy Prime Minister of Somalia, Minister of Information and is serving as Member of the Federal Parliament of Somalia.


  • Abdirahman Sayli'i, current Vice-president of Somaliland[52]


  • Abdo Xamar Qoodh, musician


  • Abdourahman Waberi, novelist


  • Abdullahi Sheikh Ismail,former Somali Ambassador to Russian federation and former foreign minister


  • Abdusalam H. Omer, Foreign Affairs Minister of Somalia; former Governor of the Central Bank of Somalia[53]


  • Abu Ubaidah, Current Emir of Al Shabaab


  • Aden Isaq Ahmed, Minister and Politician of the Somali Republic


  • Aden Robleh Awaleh, president of the National Democratic Party.


  • Aden Sheikh Hassan, part of the prominent Ambassadorial Brothers, and former Djiboutian ambassador and current adviser to the President of Djibouti


  • Ahmed Gerri of the Habar Maqdi(Makadi)/Makadur of the Conquest of Abyssinia [54][55]


  • Ahmed Boulaleh Barreh, Djiboutian politician


  • Ahmed Hassan Gabobe, Minister of Justice and Religious Affairs of Somalia.


  • Ahmed Ismail Samatar, Somali writer, professor and former dean of the Institute for Global Citizenship at Macalester College. Editor of Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies


  • Ato Hussein Ismail. Ethiopian longserving Statesman and first Somali to become member of the Ethiopian Parliament


  • Ato Shemsedin Ahmed, Somali Ethiopian Politician, previous Ethiopian ambassador to Djibouti, Kenya, Deputy Minister of Mining and Energy and first Vice Chairman and one of the founders of ESDL[56][57]


  • Ayanleh Souleiman, Djiboutian athlete


  • Barkhad Awale Adan, Somali journalist and director of Radio Hurma


  • Daher Ahmed Farah, Djiboutian politician


  • Dahir Riyale Kahin, third President of Somaliland


  • Djama Ali Moussa. First Senator of Djibouti or French Somaliland


  • Djama Rabile Ghod, a Somali statesman of the former Somali Republic and Somali Democratic Republic.


  • Haji Ibrahim Nur, minister, merchant and politician of former British Somaliland Protectorate


  • Hassan Gouled Aptidon 1916-2006, first President of Djibouti from 1977 to 1999.


  • Hassan Mead, American distance runner


  • Hassan Sheikh Mumin, author of Shabeel Naagood or (Leopard among the Women)


  • Hibo Nura, a Somali singer


  • Hussein Ahmed Salah, Djiboutian marathon runner.


  • Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, President of Djibouti as of 1999


  • Ismail Sheikh Hassan, part of the prominent Ambassadorial Brothers, and former Ethiopian ambassador


  • Khadija Qalanjo, a popular Somali singer


  • Mahmoud Harbi, Vice-President of the Government Council of French Somaliland.


  • Mawlid Hayir, current Vice-president and minister of education and former governor of Jigjiga zone of the Somali region of Ethiopia.[58][59]


  • Mohamed Ali Fourchette, musician


  • Mohamed Omar Dubad, Somali politician, served as member of Somalia parliament and Charge D'Affaires in the United Nations


  • Mohamed Sheikh Hassan, part of the prominent Ambassadorial Brothers, and former ambassador for Somalia.


  • Moumin Bahdon Farah, Djiboutian politician.


  • Mumin Gala, Djiboutian athlete


  • Col. Muse Rabile Ghod, a Somali military leader and statesman of the Somali Democratic Republic.


  • Nima Djama, musician


  • Omar Farah Iltireh, Djiboutian politician


  • Omar Osman Rabe, Somali scholar, writer, professor, politician and pan-Somalist.


  • Roble Olhaye, permanent representative to the United Nations for the Republic of Djibouti.


  • Sheikh Abdi Abikar "Gaafle", famous religious leader and warrior[60]


  • Sheikh 'Abdurahman Sh. Nur, religious leader, qādi and the inventor of the Borama script.[61]


  • Suleiman Ahmed Guleid - President of Amoud University


  • Sultan Mahomed Haji Dideh, sultan of Zeila,prosperous merchant and built first mosque in Djibouti. He also proposed the name "Cote francaise des Somalis" to the French[62][63][64]


  • Ughaz 'Elmi Warfa, 13th Malak(King) of the Gadabursi.


  • Ughaz Nur II, 11th Malak(King) of the Gadabursi.[65]


  • Yacin Elmi Bouh, Djiboutian politician.


  • Yussur A.F. Abrar, former governor of the Central Bank of Somalia.[66]


  • Yusuf Tallan, previous leader of Somali National Army



Historical publications



  • Bughyaat al-amaal fii taariikh as-Soomaal, published in Mogadishu, Shariif 'Aydaruus Shariif 'Ali

  • Political History of Lower Shabelle, Dr. Mohamed Abukar Mahad (Gaetano)



See also


  • Somali aristocratic and court titles


Notes





  1. ^ Ambroso, Guido (March 2002). "Clanship, Conflict and Refugees: An Introduction to Somalis in the Horn of Africa" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved 7 February 2017..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ Ojielo, Ozzonia (May 2010). "Dynamics and Trends of Conflict in Greater Mandera" (PDF). undp.org. UNDP Kenya. p. 7. Retrieved 7 February 2017. Garre live in Southern Somalia, North Eastern Kenya and Southern Ethiopia. In Southern Somalia, they live in Kofur near Mogadishu and El Wak District in Gedo Province. In Ethiopia, they live in Moyale, Hudet and Woreda of Liban zone. In Kenya, the Garre inhabit Wajir North and Moyale.


  3. ^ ab Hayward, R.J.; Lewis, I.M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. p. 242. ISBN 9781135751753.


  4. ^ ab Ozzonia (2010), page 7. The Quranyo section of the Garre claim descent from Dirr, who are born of the Irrir Samal.


  5. ^ "Somalia Maps - Perry-Castañeda Map Collection - UT Library Online". www.lib.utexas.edu. Retrieved 6 April 2018.


  6. ^ Ethnographic Survey of Africa, Volume 5, Issue 1. International African Institute. 1969. p. 17. Retrieved 15 February 2018.


  7. ^ Lewis, I. M. (2017-02-03). Peoples of the Horn of Africa (Somali, Afar and Saho): North Eastern Africa. Routledge. ISBN 9781315308173.


  8. ^ Elfasi, M.; Hrbek, Ivan; Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1988). Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. UNESCO. ISBN 9789231017094.


  9. ^ Hicks, Esther (2018-01-16). Infibulation: Female Mutilation in Islamic Northeastern Africa. Routledge. ISBN 9781351294508.


  10. ^ Ahmed, Akbar S. (2013-10-16). Islam in Tribal Societies: From the Atlas to the Indus. Routledge. ISBN 9781134565276.


  11. ^ Briggs, Phillip (2012). Somaliland. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 7. ISBN 1841623717.


  12. ^ Holzer, Georg-Sebastian (2008). "POLITICAL ISLAM IN SOMALIA: A fertile ground for radical Islamic groups?". Geo Politics of the Middle East. 1: 23.


  13. ^ Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25. Americana Corporation. 1965. p. 255.


  14. ^ Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha. (n.d.). Christian-Muslim Relations 1500 - 1900. doi:10.1163/2451-9537_cmrii_com_26077


  15. ^ Slikkerveer (2013-10-28). Plural Medical Systems In The Horn Of Africa: The Legacy Of Sheikh Hippocrates. Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 9781136143304.


  16. ^ Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. p. 100.


  17. ^ A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa.


  18. ^ ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir (2003-01-01). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. Annotation: Dir, According to Huntingford a settlement which may be modern Dire Dawa. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 24.


  19. ^ ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir (2003-01-01). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. Hollywood: Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 124. ISBN 0-9723172-6-0.


  20. ^ Sihab ad-Din Ahmad bin'Abd al-Qader, Futuh al-Habasa: The conquest of Ethiopia, translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse with annotations by Richard Pankhurst (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003), pp. 50, 76


  21. ^ Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir ʻArabfaqīh, Translated by Paul Stenhouse, Richard Pankhurst (2003). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 77.


  22. ^ Ciisa-Salwe, Cabdisalaam M. (1996-01-01). The collapse of the Somali state: the impact of the colonial legacy. HAAN. p. 19. ISBN 9781874209270.


  23. ^ Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001-01-01). Culture and Customs of Somalia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 23. ISBN 9780313313332.


  24. ^ ab Kariye, Badal (2010-07-23). The Kaleidoscopic Lover: The Civil War in the Horn of Africa & My Itinerary for a Peaceful Lover. Author House. p. 83. ISBN 9781452004648. Twenty year war


  25. ^ Schlee, Günther (1989-01-01). Identities on the Move: Clanship and Pastoralism in Northern Kenya. Manchester University Press. pp. 107, 108, 275 and 99. ISBN 9780719030109. Biimal


  26. ^ Kefale, Asnake (2013-07-31). Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Ethiopia: A Comparative Regional Study. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 9781135017989. gadsan


  27. ^ ab Olson, James Stuart (1996-01-01). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 97. ISBN 9780313279188.


  28. ^ Ahmed, Ali Jimale (1995). The Invention of Somalia. Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press Inc. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-932415-98-1.


  29. ^ Lewis, Ioan. M. (1994). Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society. Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press Inc. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-932415-92-9.


  30. ^ Lewis, I.M. (2008). Understanding Somali and Somaliland Society: Culture History and Society. Hurst. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-85065-898-6.


  31. ^ Lewis, I.M. (1998-01-01). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. p. 99-Chapter 8. ISBN 9781569021033.


  32. ^ Ahmed, Ali Jimale (1995-01-01). The Invention of Somalia. The Red Sea Press. p. 246. ISBN 9780932415998.


  33. ^ Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (2003-02-25). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press. p. 71. ISBN 9780810866041.


  34. ^ Burton, Sir Richard Francis; Burton, Lady Isabel. The Works of Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton: First footsteps in East Africa. Tylston & Edwards. p. 74. where he married a daughter of the Hawiyah tribe: rival races declare him to have been a Galla slave


  35. ^ Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society. Longmans, Green. 1921-01-01. p. 54. was shipwrecked on the Somali coast where he married a Hawiyah woman


  36. ^ Burton, Richard Francis (1856-01-01). First Footsteps in East Africa. Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans. p. 104. where he married a daughter of the Hawiyah tribe


  37. ^ Iacovacci, Giuseppe; et al. (2017). "Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 27: 123–131. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.015. Retrieved 19 January 2018.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)


  38. ^ abcdefghi Lewis, I.M. (1998-01-01). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press. ISBN 9781569021057. At the end of the book "Tribal Distribution of Somali Afar and Saho"


  39. ^ ab Ahmed, Ali Jimale (1995-01-01). The Invention of Somalia. The Red Sea Press. p. 131. ISBN 9780932415998.


  40. ^ Africa Confidential. Miramoor Publications Limited. 1994-01-01. p. 17.


  41. ^ Verdier, Isabelle (1997-05-31). Ethiopia: the top 100 people. Indigo Publications. p. 13. ISBN 9782905760128.


  42. ^ Regional & Federal Studies. Volume 24, Issue 5, 2014. Special Issue: Federalism and Decentralization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ethnic Decentralization and the Challenges of Inclusive Governance in Multiethnic Cities: The Case of Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.


  43. ^ "Alert Series - Somalia, Things Fall Apart 1993" (PDF). hrlibrary.umn.edu. Retrieved 25 September 2015.


  44. ^ "SDA (Gadabursi)"

    http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/ins/somala93.pdf


  45. ^ ab Protonotari, Francesco (1890-01-01). Nuova Antologia (in Italian). Direzione della Nuova Antologia. p. 343.


  46. ^ Ambroso (2002), page 6 and clan tables after page 64.


  47. ^ Lewis, I.M. (1998-01-01). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press. p. 25. ISBN 9781569021057.


  48. ^ Abdullahi, p. 172.


  49. ^ Johnson, p. xv.


  50. ^ Phillips, Sarah. Developmental Leadership Program – Policy and Practice for Developmental Leaders, Elites and Coalitions Political Settlements and State Formation: The Case of Somaliland University of Sydney, December 2013, page 9.


  51. ^ The Indian Ocean Newsletter — PM Desalegn picks his candidate to head IGAD "Abdirahman Duale Beyle, a former Somali Foreign Minister" "an economist who hails from the Gadabursi community."


  52. ^ "Vice President Saylici (whose Gadabursi)"


  53. ^ "Nominated Ministers and Their Clans". Goobjoog. 28 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.


  54. ^ ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir (2003-01-01). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. The Habar Makadur, underneath the page as a note [I.M. Lewis] by Richard Pankhurst. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 27.


  55. ^ Lewis, I.M. (1998). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. The Gadabursi. Red Sea Pr; Subsequent edition (August 1998): Red Sea Pr; Subsequent edition (August 1998). p. 25. ISBN 978-1569021040. There are two main fractions, the Habr Afan and Habr Makadur, formerly united under a common hereditary chief (ogaz).


  56. ^ page 210


  57. ^ geeskadmin (2014-12-10). "Kenya: Ethiopia Replaced Ambassador Shemsedin Ahmed for security reasons - Geeska Afrika Online". Retrieved 2016-08-18.


  58. ^ Untitled "Mawlid Hayir Hassan, Regional Vice president," page 27.


  59. ^ The Indian Ocean Newsletter — Rise of SPDP in Addis gives green light for internal purge ""including the Vice President of SNRS, Mawlid Hayir."


  60. ^ Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (2003-02-25). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press. p. 199. ISBN 9780810866041. Sheikh Abdi Abitkar “Gaafle”


  61. ^ Lewis, I.M. (1958-01-01). "The Gadabuursi Somali Script". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 21 (1/3): 134–156. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00063278. JSTOR 610496.


  62. ^ Rayne, Henry a (2015-08-08). Sun, Sand and Somals; Leaves from the Note-Book of a District Commissioner in British Somaliland. BiblioLife. ISBN 9781297569760.


  63. ^ Farah, Rachad (2013-09-01). Un embajador en el centro de los acontecimientos (in Spanish). Editions L'Harmattan. p. 17. ISBN 9782336321356.


  64. ^ As indicated in Morin (2005:640) the name of “Cote francaise des Somalis” itself is said to have been proposed by hağği Diideh (Mahad-Ase clan of Gedebursi. He was Prosperous merchant of Zayla who built the first Mosque in Djibouti Ğami ar-Rahma in 1891) to the French administration in imitation of British Somaliland, page 92


  65. ^ Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (2003-02-25). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press. p. 247. ISBN 9780810866041.


  66. ^ Yussur Abrar (Dir/Gadabursi), who hails from Borama in Somaliland










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Bressuire

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Subprefecture and commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France Bressuire Subprefecture and commune Chateau de Bressuire and the Eglise Notre-Dame Coat of arms Location of Bressuire Bressuire Show map of France Bressuire Show map of Nouvelle-Aquitaine Coordinates: 46°50′27″N 0°29′14″W  /  46.8408°N 0.4872°W  / 46.8408; -0.4872 Coordinates: 46°50′27″N 0°29′14″W  /  46.8408°N 0.4872°W  / 46.8408; -0.4872 Country France Region Nouvelle-Aquitaine Department Deux-Sèvres Arrondissement Bressuire Canton Bressuire Government  • Mayor .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} (2014–20) Jean Michel Bernier Area 1 180.59 km 2 (69.73 sq mi) Population (2014) 2 19,300  • Density 110/km 2 (280/sq mi) Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)  • Summer (DST) UTC+02:00 (CEST) INSEE/Postal code 79049 /79300 Elevation 98–236 m (322–774 ft) (avg. 173 m or 568 ft) 1 French Land Register data, which exclude
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Vorschmack

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Vorschmack Ukrainian Jewish-style vorschmack served on rye bread Course Hors d'oeuvre Region or state Eastern Europe Associated national cuisine Ashkenazi Jewish, Finnish, German, Ukrainian, Polish, Russian Main ingredients Ground meat and/or fish Cookbook: Vorschmack   Media: Vorschmack Vorschmack or forshmak (Yiddish: פֿאָרשמאַק ‎, from archaic German Vorschmack , "foretaste" [1] or "appetizer" [2] ) is an originally East European dish made of salty minced fish or meat. Different variants of this dish are especially common in Ashkenazi Jewish and Finnish cuisine. Some varieties are also known in Russian and Polish cuisine. Contents 1 In Jewish cuisine 2 In Russian cuisine 3 In Polish cuisine 4 In Finnish cuisine 5 See also 6 References In Jewish cuisine According to Gil Marks, the German name points to the possible Germanic origin of this dish. [1] William Pokhlyobkin descr
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Quarantine

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For other uses, see Quarantine (disambiguation). Signal flag "Lima" called the "Yellow Jack" which when flown in harbor means ship is under quarantine. A simple yellow flag (also called the "Yellow Jack") had historically been used to signal quarantine (it stands for Q among signal flags), but now indicates the opposite, as a signal of a ship free of disease that requests boarding and inspection. A quarantine is used to separate and restrict the movement of people; it is 'a restraint upon the activities or communication of persons or the transport of goods designed to prevent the spread of disease or pests', for a certain period of time. [1] This is often used in connection to disease and illness, such as those who may possibly have been exposed to a communicable disease. [2] The term is often erroneously used to mean medical isolation, which is "to separate ill persons who have a communicable disease from those who are healthy
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