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.mw-parser-output .smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps} Provincia Pannonia
Province of the Roman Empire
20 AD–107 AD →   →
Province of Pannonia highlighted
Capital		Carnuntum,[1]Sirmium,[2]Savaria,[3]Aquincum,[4]Poetovio[5] or Vindobona[6]
History
•	Established	20 AD
•	Division of Pannonia	Between the years 102 and 107, Trajan divided Pannonia into Pannonia Superior (western part with the capital Carnuntum), and Pannonia Inferior (eastern part with the capitals in Aquincum and Sirmium) 107 AD
Today part of		Hungary  Slovakia  Austria  Serbia  Croatia  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Slovenia

Pannonia (/pəˈnoʊniə/) was a province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. Pannonia was located over the territory of the present-day western Hungary, eastern Austria, northern Croatia, north-western Serbia, northern Slovenia, western Slovakia and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Name

Julius Pokorny believed the name Pannonia is derived from Illyrian, from the Proto-Indo-European root *pen-, "swamp, water, wet" (cf. English fen, "marsh"; Hindi pani, "water").^[7]

Others^[who?] believe that the name is related to the god of the nature, goats and shepherds Pan and/or pan, the Proto-Slavic/Proto-Indo-European word for lord/master, which could mean Pan's Land or Land of the Master(s), which is more probable due the fact the Ionian fleet supplied Pannonia via Black Sea and Danube, and Panionium festivities were also well known in the region to its Celtic, Adriatic Veneti and Scythian inhabitants.

Pliny the Elder, in Natural History, places the eastern regions of the Hercynium jugum, the "Hercynian mountain chain", in Pannonia (present-day Hungary) and Dacia (present-day Romania).^[8] He also gives us some dramaticised description^[9] of its composition, in which the close proximity of the forest trees causes competitive struggle among them (inter se rixantes). He mentions its gigantic oaks.^[10] But even he—if the passage in question is not an interpolated marginal gloss—is subject to the legends of the gloomy forest. He mentions unusual birds, which have feathers that "shine like fires at night". Medieval bestiaries named these birds the Ercinee. The impenetrable nature of the Hercynian Silva hindered the last concerted Roman foray into the forest, by Drusus, during 12–9 BCE: Florus asserts that Drusus invisum atque inaccessum in id tempus Hercynium saltum (Hercynia saltus, the "Hercynian ravine-land") ^[11] patefecit.^[12]

History

This article is part of the histories of several countries:

Part of a series on the History of Austria Early history Hallstatt culture Noricum - Pannonia - Raetia Marcomanni - Lombards - Bavarians - Suebi Avars Samo's Realm Carantania East Francia Duchy of Bavaria - Margraviate of Austria House of Babenberg Privilegium Minus Habsburg era House of Habsburg Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Germany Archduchy of Austria Habsburg Monarchy Austrian Empire German Confederation Austria-Hungary World War I Assassination of Franz Ferdinand World War I Interwar years Republic of German-Austria First Austrian Republic Austrofascism Federal State of Austria Anschluss Ostmark (Austria) World War II National Socialism Post-war Austria Allied-occupied Austria Second Austrian Republic Topics Jews (Vienna) Military history Music Timeline Austria portal v t e Part of a series on the History of Bosnia and Herzegovina Early history Prehistory Roman Dalmatia Roman Pannonia Middle Ages Bosnia in the Early Middle Ages Zachumlia - Travunia Banate of Bosnia Kingdom of Bosnia Ottoman era Ottoman conquest Ottoman era (Sanjak / Eyalet / Vilayet) Habsburgs Habsburg era (Bosnian crisis) Yugoslavia Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Drina Banovina) World War II SFR Yugoslavia (SR Bosnia and Herzegovina) Breakup of Yugoslavia Contemporary Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian War (Herzeg-Bosnia / Western Bosnia) Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina) (Republika Srpska) Bosnia and Herzegovina portal v t e Part of a series on the History of Croatia Early history Prehistoric Croatia Roman Pannonia Roman Dalmatia Origins of the Croats White Croatia White Croats Middle Ages Avar Khaganate Duchy of Dalmatian Croatia Duchy of Pannonian Croatia Southern Dalmatia March of Istria Kingdom of Croatia Union with Hungary Republic of Dubrovnik Republic of Poljica Modernity Ottoman Croatia Republic of Venice Kingdom of Croatia Croatian Military Frontier Illyrian Provinces Kingdom of Illyria Kingdom of Slavonia Kingdom of Dalmatia Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia 20th century World War I State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs Kingdom of Yugoslavia Banovina of Croatia World War II Independent State of Croatia Federal State of Croatia Socialist Republic of Croatia Contemporary Croatia Independence War of independence Croatia since 1995 Timeline Croatia portal v t e Part of a series on the History of Hungary Early history Hungarian prehistory Hungary before the Hungarians Roman Pannonia Hungarian conquest Medieval Principality 895–1000 High Medieval Kingdom 1000–1301 Late Medieval Kingdom 1301–1526 Ottoman Wars 1366–1526 Early modern Habsburg kingdom 1526–1867 Eastern kingdom 1526–1570 Ottoman Hungary 1541–1699 Principality of Transylvania 1570–1711 Late modern Rákóczi's War 1703–1711 Revolution of 1848 1848–1849 Austria-Hungary 1867–1918 Lands of the Crown 1867–1918 World War I 1914–1918 Interwar period 1918–1941 First Hungarian Republic 1918–1920 Hungarian Soviet Republic 1919 Kingdom of Hungary 1920–1946 World War II 1941–1945 Contemporary Second Hungarian Republic 1946–1949 Hungarian People's Republic 1949–1989 Revolution of 1956 1956 Third Hungarian Republic since 1989 By topic Christianity Military Music Nobility Hungarians Jews Székelys Hungary portal v t e Part of a series on the History of Serbia By century 9th 10th Prehistory Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Bronze Age Iron Age Pre-Roman Illyrians Autariatae Dardani Triballi Moesi Scordisci Dacians Early Roman Illyricum Pannonia Pannonia Inferior Dalmatia Moesia Moesia Superior Dacia Dacia Aureliana Late Roman Moesia Prima Dacia Mediterranea Dacia Ripensis Dardania Praevalitana Pannonia Secunda Diocese of Moesia Diocese of Dacia Diocese of Pannonia Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum Early Middle Ages White Serbia around 600 AD Principality of Serbia Duklja, Travunia, Zachlumia, Narentines, Raška, Bosnia 7th–10th century Catepanate of Ras around 969–976 High Middle Ages Duklja (Zeta) 11th–12th century Theme of Sirmium 1018–1071 Grand Principality 1071–1217 Kingdom of Serbia 1217–1346 King Dragutin's realm 1282–1325 Empire · Fall 1346–1371 Prince Lazar's Serbia 1371–1402 Despotate of Serbia 1402–1537 Early Modern Serbia under Turkish rule 1459–1804 Jovan Nenad / Radoslav Čelnik 1526–1530 Banate of Lugoj and Caransebeș 16th–17th Habsburg occupation 1686–1699 Great Serb Migrations 1690 and 1737–1739 Military Frontier 1702–1882 Habsburg Serbia 1718–1739 Koča's frontier 1788–1791 Serbia 1804–1918 Revolution 1804–1815 Principality of Serbia 1815–1882 Serbian Vojvodina 1848–1849 Serbia and Banat 1849–1860 Kingdom of Serbia 1882–1918 Serbia since 1918 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941 Axis occupation 1941–1944 Federal unit of Yugoslavia 1944–1992 Federal unit of FRY (S&M) 1992–2006 Republic of Serbia 2006–present Serbia portal v t e Part of a series on the History of Slovenia Italy / Noricum / Pannonia Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps Avars Samo's Realm Carantania Carneola Holy Roman Empire March of Carniola Windic March Duchy of Carniola Venetian Republic Illyrian Provinces Kingdom of Illyria Inner Austria Julian March Drava Banovina World War II in the Slovene Lands Socialist Republic of Slovenia Ten-Day War Republic of Slovenia Slovenia portal v t e

Prior to Roman conquest

The first inhabitants of this area known to history were the Pannonii (Pannonians), a group of Indo-European tribes akin to Illyrians. From the 4th century BC, it was invaded by various Celtic tribes. Little is heard of Pannonia until 35 BC, when its inhabitants, allies of the Dalmatians, were attacked by Augustus, who conquered and occupied Siscia (Sisak). The country was not, however, definitively subdued by the Romans until 9 BC, when it was incorporated into Illyricum, the frontier of which was thus extended as far as the Danube.

Under Roman rule

Seuso and his wife at Lacus Pelso (today Lake Balaton)

The Roman empire in the time of Hadrian (ruled 117-138 AD), showing, on the middle Danube river, the imperial provinces of Pannonia Superior and Pannonia Inferior and the 2 legions deployed in each in 125

Map showing Constantine I's conquests of areas of present-day eastern Hungary, western Romania and northern Serbia, in the first decades of the 4th century (pink color).

In AD 6, the Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, engaged in the so-called Great Illyrian Revolt, and were overcome by Tiberius and Germanicus, after a hard-fought campaign, which lasted for three years. After the rebellion was crushed in AD 9, the province of Illyricum was dissolved, and its lands were divided between the new provinces of Pannonia in the north and Dalmatia in the south. The date of the division is unknown, most certainly after AD 20 but before AD 50. The proximity of dangerous barbarian tribes (Quadi, Marcomanni) necessitated the presence of a large number of troops (seven legions in later times), and numerous fortresses were built on the bank of the Danube.

Some time between the years 102 and 107, between the first and second Dacian wars, Trajan divided the province into Pannonia Superior (western part with the capital Carnuntum), and Pannonia Inferior (eastern part with the capitals in Aquincum and Sirmium^[13]). According to Ptolemy, these divisions were separated by a line drawn from Arrabona in the north to Servitium in the south; later, the boundary was placed further east. The whole country was sometimes called the Pannonias (Pannoniae).

Pannonia Superior was under the consular legate, who had formerly administered the single province, and had three legions under his control. Pannonia Inferior was at first under a praetorian legate with a single legion as the garrison; after Marcus Aurelius, it was under a consular legate, but still with only one legion. The frontier on the Danube was protected by the establishment of the two colonies Aelia Mursia and Aelia Aquincum by Hadrian.

Under Diocletian, a fourfold division of the country was made:

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  Pannonia Prima in the northwest, with its capital in Savaria / Sabaria, it included Upper Pannonia and the major part of Central Pannonia between the Raba and Drava,


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  Pannonia Valeria in the northeast, with its capital in Sopianae, it comprised the remainder of Central Pannonia between the Raba, Drava and Danube,


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  Pannonia Savia in the southwest, with its capital in Siscia,


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  Pannonia Secunda in the southeast, with its capital in Sirmium
  

Diocletian also moved parts of today's Slovenia out of Pannonia and incorporated them in Noricum. In 324 AD, Constantine I enlarged the borders of Roman Pannonia to the east, annexing the plains of what is now eastern Hungary, northern Serbia and western Romania up to the limes that he created: the Devil's Dykes.^{[citation needed]}

In the 4th-5th century, one of the dioceses of the Roman Empire was known as the Diocese of Pannonia. It had its capital in Sirmium and included all four provinces that were formed from historical Pannonia, as well as the provinces of Dalmatia, Noricum Mediterraneum and Noricum Ripense.^{[citation needed]}

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  Pannonia in the 1st century
  

  
  

  
  


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  Pannonia in the 2nd century
  

  
  

  
  


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  Pannonia in the 4th century
  

  
  

  
  


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  Pannonia with Constantine I "limes" in 330 AD
  

  
  

  
  

Post-Roman

Gerulata- a Roman military camp located near today's Rusovce, Slovakia.

During the Migrations Period in the 5th century, some parts of Pannonia was ceded to the Huns in 433 by Flavius Aetius, the magister militum of the Western Roman Empire.^[14] After the collapse of the Hunnic empire in 454, large numbers of Ostrogoths were settled by Marcian in the province as foederati. The Eastern Roman Empire controlled it for a time in the 6th century, and a Byzantine province of Pannonia with its capital at Sirmium was temporarily restored, but it included only a small southeastern part of historical Pannonia.

Afterwards, it was again invaded by the Avars in the 560s, the Slavs, who first settled c. 480s but became independent only from the 7th century, and the Franks, who named a frontier march the March of Pannonia in the late 8th century. The term Pannonia was also used for a Slavic duchy that was vassal to the Franks.

Between the 5th and the 10th centuries, the romanized population of Pannonia developed the Romance Pannonian language, mainly around Lake Balaton in present-day western Hungary, where there was the keszthely culture. This language and the related culture became extinct with the arrival of the Magyars.

Cities and auxiliary forts

Aerial photography: Gorsium - Tác - Hungary

Aquincum, Hungary

Ruins of Imperial Palace in Sirmium

The native settlements consisted of pagi (cantons) containing a number of vici (villages), the majority of the large towns being of Roman origin. The cities and towns in Pannonia were:

Economy and country features

Ancient peoples in Pannonia

The country was fairly productive, especially after the great forests had been cleared by Probus and Galerius. Before that time, timber had been one of its most important exports. Its chief agricultural products were oats and barley, from which the inhabitants brewed a kind of beer named sabaea. Vines and olive trees were little cultivated. Pannonia was also famous for its breed of hunting dogs. Although no mention is made of its mineral wealth by the ancients, it is probable that it contained iron and silver mines. Its chief rivers were the Dravus, Savus, and Arrabo, in addition to the Danuvius (less correctly, Danubius), into which the first three rivers flow.

Legacy

The ancient name Pannonia is retained in the modern term Pannonian plain.

See also

• Pannonian plain


• Roman provinces


• Diocese of Pannonia

References

Sources

• Radomir Popović, Rano hrišćanstvo u Panoniji, Vojvođanski godišnjak, sveska I, Novi Sad, 1995.


• Petar Milošević, Arheologija i istorija Sirmijuma, Novi Sad, 2001.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pannonia.

• 
   "Pannonia". Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 680.
  


• Pannonia


• Pannonia


• Pannonia


• Pannonia map


• Pannonia map


• Aerial photography: Gorsium - Tác - Hungary


• Aerial photography: Aquincum - Budapest - Hungary

Coordinates: 44°54′00″N 19°01′12″E / 44.9000°N 19.0200°E / 44.9000; 19.0200