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Macanal Formation Stratigraphic range: Berriasian-Valanginian ~140–132 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Outcrop of the Macanal Formation along the road between Bogotá and Villavicencio
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Cáqueza Group
Underlies	Las Juntas Formation
Overlies	Guavio Fm., Santa Rosa Fm., Ubalá Fm., Chivor Fm., Batá Fm.
Thickness	up to 2,935 m (9,629 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Organic shale
Other	Limestone, gypsum, emeralds
Location
Coordinates	4°58′19″N 73°19′10″W / 4.97194°N 73.31944°W / 4.97194; -73.31944Coordinates: 4°58′19″N 73°19′10″W / 4.97194°N 73.31944°W / 4.97194; -73.31944
Region	Altiplano Cundiboyacense & Tenza Valley  Eastern Ranges   Andes
Country	Colombia
Type section
Named for	Macanal
Named by	Rodríguez & Ulloa
Location	Macanal
Year defined	1979
Coordinates	4°58′19″N 73°19′10″W / 4.97194°N 73.31944°W / 4.97194; -73.31944
Region	Boyacá
Country	Colombia

The Macanal Formation or Macanal Shale (Spanish: (Formación) Lutitas de Macanal, Kilm, K1m) is a fossiliferous geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and Tenza Valley in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly organic shale formation dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Berriasian to Valanginian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 2,935 metres (9,629 ft). The Macanal Formation contains numerous levels of fossiliferous abundances. Bivalves, ammonites and fossil flora have been found in the formation.

The formation is a source rock for oil and gas in the Eastern Cordillera Basin and adjacent Llanos Basin foothills and provides emeralds in the vicinity of Macanal, after which the formation is named.

Etymology

The formation was defined and named in 1979 by Rodríguez and Ulloa after Macanal, Cundinamarca.^[1][2] The name Macanal is either derived from the Muysccubun word Macana, meaning garrote, or from the Macana palm tree.^[3][4]

Description

Lithologies

Fractured sample of the Macanal Formation

The Macanal Formation has a maximum thickness of 2,935 metres (9,629 ft), and is characterised by a sequence of micaceous organic shales,^[2] with calcite veins and gypsum occurrences intercalated in the formation. The Macanal Formation contains high values of TOC.^[5] In the Eastern Cordillera Basin and the adjacent foothills of the Llanos Basin, the Macanal Formation is a source rock for oil and gas.^[6] In the vicinity of Macanal, the formation provides emeralds.^[7][8]

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Macanal Formation, a unit of the Cáqueza Group, concordantly overlies the Guavio, Santa Rosa, Ubalá, Chivor and Batá Formations,^[9] and is concordantly overlain by the Las Juntas Formation. The age has been estimated to be Berriasian to Valanginian. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Mercedes, Tambor, Rosablanca, Murca and La Naveta Formations.^[10] The formation has been deposited in a shallow marine environment in an enclosed basin,^[5] with as provenance areas the Santander High and the Guiana Shield.^[11] The Macanal Formation is part of the syn-rift sequence of eastern Colombia.^[12]

Fossil content

The Macanal Formation contains numerous levels of fossiliferous abundances. Bivalves, ammonites and flora have been found in the formation.^[13] Ammonites of Substeueroceras cf. mutabile, Sarasinella cf. hondana, Subalpinites sp., Berriasela sp., Neocomites cf. wichmanni, Olcostephanus sp., Olcostephanus cf. atherstoni, Favrella cf. colombiana, Acanthodiscus sp. have been registered in the formation, as well as bivalves of Corbis (Sphaera) cf. corrugata, Trigonia cf. hondana, Trigonia (Buchotrigonia) cf. abrupta, Trigonia (Notoscabrotrigonia) cf. tocaimaana, and Exogyra cf. boussingaulti.^[14] Analysis of the deformation registered in ammonite fossils has helped in understanding the tectonic history of the Llanos foothills of the Eastern Ranges.^[15]

Outcrops

The Macanal Formation is found bordering the Guavio Reservoir

Type locality of the Macanal Formation in the Tenza Valley to the east of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

The Macanal Formation is apart from its type locality in the Batá River canyon,^[16][17] found in the Cravo Sur anticline, east of the Ocetá Páramo,^[18] in the Desespero Synclinal in the southern and northern parts of Labranzagrande,^[19][20] around Páez and Campohermoso,^[17] in the eastern part of Gama, bordering the Guavio Reservoir,^[21] and in the Servitá Synclinal, west of Villavicencio.^[22] The Macanal Formation crops out along the road between Bogotá and Villavicencio and is there heavily fractured and folded. The Macanal Formation is the most extensive formation around Cáqueza,^[23] and Gachalá, Cundinamarca.^[24]

The Pajarito Fault thrusts the Macanal Formation on top of the Fómeque Formation to the east of Lake Tota,^[25] and the Chámeza Fault thrusts the Macanal Formation on top of the overlying Las Juntas Formation around Chámeza, Casanare.^[26] The Ubaque Fault forms the contact between the Fómeque Formation and the Macanal Formation,^[27] while the Las Mercedes Fault puts the Quetame Group in contact with the Macanal Formation near Quetame,^[28] as does the San Juanito Fault.^[29] The Servitá Fault forms the contact between the Guatiquía Redbeds and the Macanal Formation,^[30] and the Upín Fault, part of the same system puts the Macanal Formation in contact with the Tertiary Palmichal Group.^[31] At this contact, brines are extracted from the formation.^[32]

Regional correlations

Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges

Age	Paleomap	VMM	Guaduas-Vélez		W Emerald Belt		Villeta anticlinal		Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco	Tunja- Duitama	Altiplano Cundiboyacense		El Cocuy
Maastrichtian		Umir Fm.	Córdoba Fm.		Seca Fm.		eroded		Guadalupe Gp.				Colón-Mito Juan Fm.
					Umir Fm.
Campanian					Córdoba Fm.
					Oliní Gp.
Santonian		La Luna Fm.	Cimarrona Fm. - La Tabla Fm.										La Luna Fm.
Coniacian			Oliní Gp.				Villeta Gp	Conejo Fm.		Chipaque Fm.
			Güagüaquí Gp	Loma Gorda Fm.	undefined			La Frontera Fm.
Turonian				Hondita Fm.	La Frontera Fm.	Otanche Fm.
Cenomanian		Simití Fm.	hiatus		La Corona Gb.			Simijaca Fm.					Capacho Fm.
					Pacho Fm.			Hiló Fm. - Pacho Fm.	Churuvita Fm.	Une Fm.			Aguardiente Fm.
Albian					Hiló Fm.				Chiquinquirá Sst.	Tibasosa Fm.	Une Fm.
		Tablazo Fm.			Tablazo Fm.			Capotes Fm. - La Palma Fm. - Simití Fm.	Simití Fm.				Tibú-Mercedes Fm.
Aptian					Capotes Fm.			Socotá Fm. - El Peñón Fm.	Paja Fm.		Fómeque Fm.
		Paja Fm.			Paja Fm.	El Peñón Fm.		Trincheras Fm.					Río Negro Fm.
							La Naveta Fm.
Barremian
Hauterivian						Muzo Fm.					Cáqueza Gp	Las Juntas Fm.
		Rosablanca Fm.							Ritoque Fm.
Valanginian					Ritoque Fm.	Furatena Fm.	Útica Fm. - Murca Fm.		Rosablanca Fm.	Girón Fm.		Macanal Fm.
					Rosablanca Fm.
Berriasian		Cumbre Fm.			Cumbre Fm.				Los Medios Fm.			Guavio Fm.
		Tambor Fm.			Arcabuco Fm.				Cumbre Fm.
Sources

See also

Geology of the Eastern Hills

Geology of the Ocetá Páramo

Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

References

Bibliography

• 
  Acosta Garay, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa Melo. 2002. Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, 1–108. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-04-26.


• 
  ANM, .. 2015. Esmeralda, 1–2. ANM.


• 
  García González, Mario; Ricardo Mier Umaña; Luis Enrique Cruz Guevara, and Mauricio Vásquez. 2009. Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, 1–219. Universidad Industrial de Santander.


• 
  Montaña Cárdenas, Jorge Hernando. 2015. Análisis de deformaciones y modelo estructural del frente de deformación del Piedemonte Llanero de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia (MSc. thesis), 1–57. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-08-04.


• 
  Patiño, Alejandro; Jaime Fuquen; Julián Ramos; Andrea Pedraza; Leonardo Ceballos; Lyda Pinzón; Yadira Jerónimo; Leidy Álvarez, and Andrea Torres. 2011. Cartografía geológica de la Plancha 247 - Cáqueza - 1:100,000, . INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-08-04.


• 
  Pinto Valderrama, Jorge Eduardo; José Pedro Mora Ortiz; Gloria Reátiga Tarazona; Jorge Alberto Rey Pilonieta; Silvia Johana Toloza Hormiga; Diego Andrés Torres Coronado; David Ricardo Vargas Mojica, and Cristian Julián Zafra Manrique. 2010. Geología del Piedemonte Llanero en la Cordillera Oriental, departamentos de Arauca y Casanare, 1–64. INGEOMINAS & Universidad Industrial de Santander. Accessed 2017-08-04.


• 
  Piraquive, Alejandro; Juan Sebastián Díaz; Tomas Cuéllar; Germán Pardo, and Andreas Kammer. 2011. Reactivación Neógena de estructuras de rift del Cretácico Temprano asociadas con la Falla de Chámeza, Pajarito, Boyacá (Colombia): evidencias tectónicas y bioestratigráficas. Geología Colombiana 36. 197–216. Accessed 2017-08-04.


• 
  Rodríguez Parra, Antonio José, and Orlando Solano Silva. 2000. Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Boyacá - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, 1–120. INGEOMINAS.


• 
  Schütz, Christian. 2012. Combined structural and Petroleum Systems Modeling in the Eastern Cordillera Basin, Colombia (MSc. thesis), 1–161. Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen & Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo.


• 
  Terraza, Roberto; Diana Montoya; Germán Reyes; Giovanni Moreno; Jaime Fúquen; Eliana Torres Jaimes; Myriam López Cardona; Álvaro Nivia Guevara, and Fernando Etayo Serna. 2013. Geología de la Plancha 229 - Gachalá - 1:100,000, 1–296. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2017-08-04.


• 
  Uribe, Sylvano E. 1960. Las esmeraldas de Colombia. Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Colombia XVIII. 1–8. Accessed 2016-07-08.


• 
  Villamil, Tomas. 2012. Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, 161–216. Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM).

Maps

• 
  Ulloa, Carlos E.; Álvaro Guerra, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998. Plancha 172 - Paz de Río - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.


• 
  Ulloa, Carlos E.; Erasmo Rodríguez, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998. Plancha 192 - Laguna de Tota - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.


• 
  Renzoni, Giancarlo. 1992. Plancha 193 - Yopal - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.


• 
  Terraza, Roberto; Giovanni Moreno; José A. Buitrago; Adrián Pérez, and Diana María Montoya. 2010. Plancha 210 - Guateque - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.


• 
  Ulloa, Carlos, and Erasmo Rodríguez. 2009. Plancha 211 - Tauramena - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.


• 
  Buitrago, José Alberto; Roberto Terraza M., and Fernando Etayo. 1998. Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.


• 
  Pulido, Orlando; Luz Stella Gómez, and Pedro Marín. 1998. Plancha 266 - Villavicencio - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Macanal Formation.

• 
  Gómez, J.; N.E. Montes; Á. Nivia, and H. Diederix. 2015. Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000, 1. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Accessed 2017-03-16.