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Dinaric Alps
Orjen spreads between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro and is the most heavily karstified range of the Dinarides.
Highest point
Peak	Maja Jezercë in Albania
Elevation	2,694 m (8,839 ft)
Coordinates	45°N 17°E / 45°N 17°E / 45; 17Coordinates: 45°N 17°E / 45°N 17°E / 45; 17
Dimensions
Length	645 km (401 mi) NW-SE
Area	200,000 km2 (77,000 sq mi)
Geography
Topography and relief of the Dinarides
Countries	List Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Italy Kosovo[a] Montenegro Serbia Slovenia
Borders on	Julian Alps
Geology
Age of rock	Mesozoic era
Type of rock	Sedimentary

The Dinaric Alps (/ˈdiːnɑːrɪkˈælps/; Albanian pronunciation: [alpɛt dinaɾikɛ], Slovene pronunciation: [dìnarskòː gòːrstvòː], Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [dìnarskòː gòːrjeː], Italian pronunciation: [alpi dinarikɛ]), also commonly Dinarides, are a mountain range in Southern and Southeastern Europe, separating the continental Balkan Peninsula from the Adriatic Sea. They stretch from Italy in the northwest through Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo to Albania in the southeast.^[1][2]

The Dinaric Alps extend for approximately 645 kilometres (401 mi) along the Western Balkan Peninsula from the Julian Alps to the northwest in Italy, downwards to the Šar and Korab massif, where their direction changes. The Albanian Alps, or Prokletije, is the highest section of the entire Dinaric Alps; this section stretches from Albania to Kosovo and eastern Montenegro. Maja Jezercë is the highest peak and is located in Albania, standing at 2,694 metres (8,839 ft) above the Adriatic.

The Dinaric Alps are one of the most rugged and extensively mountainous areas of Europe, alongside the Caucasus Mountains, Alps, Pyrenees and Scandinavian Mountains.^{[citation needed]} They are formed largely of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks of dolomite, limestone, sand and conglomerates formed by seas and lakes that had once covered the area. During the Alpine earth movements that occurred 50–100 million years ago, immense lateral pressures folded and overthrust the rocks in a great arc around the old rigid block of the northeast. The Dinaric Alps were thrown up in more or less parallel ranges, stretching like necklaces from the Julian Alps as far as northern Albania and Kosovo, where the mountainous terrain subsides to make way for the waters of the Drin River and the plains of Kosovo.

Name

The Dinarides are named after Mount Dinara (1,831 m), a prominent peak in the center of the mountain range on the border of Croatia and Bosnia. The chain is called Alpet Dinaride or Alpet Dinarike in Albanian, Dinaridi/Динариди in Serbo-Croatian, Dinarsko gorstvo in Slovene and Alpi Dinariche in Italian.

Geology

Valbona Pass, northern Albania

The Mesozoic limestone forms a very distinctive region of the Balkans, notable for features such as the Karst, which has given its name to all such terrains of limestone eroded by groundwater. The Quaternary ice ages had relatively little direct geologic influence on the Balkans. No permanent ice caps existed, and there is little evidence of extensive glaciation. Only the highest summits of Durmitor, Orjen and Prenj have glacial valleys and moraines as low as 600 m (1,969 ft). However, in the Prokletije, a range on the northern Albanian border that runs east to west (thus breaking the general geographic trend of the Dinaric system), there is evidence of major glaciation. One geological feature of great importance to the present-day landscape of the Dinarides must be considered in more detail: that of the limestone mountains, often with their attendant faulting. They are hard and slow to erode, and often persist as steep jagged escarpments, through which steep-sided gorges and canyons are cleft by the rivers draining the higher slopes.^{[citation needed]}

The partially submerged western Dinaric Alps form the numerous islands and harbors along the Croatian coast.

Mount Mučanj, lower Dinarides, western Serbia

Rivers in Dinaric karst

The most extensive example of limestone mountains in Europe are those of the Karst of the Dinaric Alps. Here, all the characteristic features are encountered again and again as one travels through this wild and underpopulated country. Limestone is a very porous rock, yet very hard and resistant to erosion. Water is the most important corrosive force, dissolving the limestone by chemical action of its natural acidity. As it percolates down through cracks in the limestone it opens up fissures and channels, often of considerable depth, so that whole systems of underground drainage develop. During subsequent millennia these work deeper, leaving in their wake enormous waterless caverns, sinkholes and grottoes and forming underground labyrinths of channels and shafts. The roofs of some of these caverns may eventually fall in, to produce great perpendicular-sided gorges, exposing the water to the surface once more.

The Dinaric rivers carved many canyons characteristic for Dinaric Alps, and in particular karst. Among largest and most well known are the Neretva, the Rakitnica, the Prača (river), the Drina, the Sutjeska, the Vrbas, Ugar, the Piva, the Tara, the Komarnica, the Morača, the Cem/Ciijevna, the Lim, and the Drin.

Only along the Dinaric gorges is communication possible across the Karst, and roads and railways tunnel through precipitous cliffs and traverse narrow ledges above roaring torrents. A number of springs and rivers rise in the Dinaric range, including Jadro Spring noted for having been the source of water for Diocletian's Palace at Split.^[3] At the same time, the purity of these rocks is such that the rivers are crystal clear, and there is little soil-making residue. Water quality testing of the Jadro River, for example, indicates the low pollutant levels present.^[4] Rock faces are often bare of vegetation and glaring white, but what little soil there is may collect in the hollows and support lush lime-tolerant vegetation, or yield narrow strips of cultivation.^{[citation needed]}

Human activity

Ruins of fortresses dot the mountainous landscape, evidence of centuries of war and the refuge the Dinaric Alps have provided to various armed forces. During the Roman period, the Dinarides provided shelter to the Illyrians resisting Roman conquest of the Balkans, which began with the conquest of the eastern Adriatic coast in the 3rd century BC. Rome conquered the whole of Illyria in 168 BC, but these mountains sheltered Illyrian resistance forces for many years until the area's complete subjugation by 14 AD. More recently, the Ottoman Empire failed to fully subjugate the mountainous areas of Montenegro. In the 20th century, too, the mountains provided favourable terrain for guerrilla warfare, with Yugoslav Partisans organising one of the most successful Allied resistance movements of World War II.^{[citation needed]}

The area remains underpopulated, and forestry and mining remain the chief economic activities in the Dinaric Alps. The people of the Dinaric Alps are on record as being the tallest in the world, with an average male adolescent height of 185.6 cm (6 ft 1.1 in) and a female adolescent average height of 171.0 cm (5 ft 7.3 in).^[5] The people of Bosnia and Herzegovina have the highest recorded average of any single country, with 183.9 cm average for men and 172.72 cm for women.^[6][7][8]

Mountain passes

The main mountain passes of the Dinaric Alps are:^[9]

• 
  Postojna Gate (Postojnska vrata), Slovenia (606 m or 1,988 ft),


• 
  Vratnik pass, Croatia (850 m or 2,789 ft)


• 
  Debelo brdo, Serbia (1,094 m or 3,589 ft)


• Knin Gate (Kninska vrata), Croatia (about 700 m or 2,297 ft)


• Vaganj, Croatia/Bosnia-Herzegovina (1,137 m or 3,730 ft)


• Ivan-Saddle (Ivan-sedlo), Bosnia-Herzegovina (967 m or 3,173 ft)


• Kupres Gate (Kupreška vrata), Bosnia-Herzegovina (1,384 m or 4,541 ft)


• Čemerno, Bosnia-Herzegovina (1,329 m or 4,360 ft)


• Crkvine, Montenegro (1,045 m or 3,428 ft)


• Čakor, Montenegro (1,849 m or 6,066 ft)

Tunnels

Major tunnels transversing the Dinaric Alps include:

• 
  Tuhobić Tunnel, Croatia


• 
  Sveti Rok Tunnel, Croatia


• 
  Mala Kapela Tunnel, Croatia

Mountains and plateaus

Geomorphological subdivisions of Dinaric Alps
Legend:
A1: The area of the North Adriatic - the territory of Istria and the Kras area
A2: Northern Adriatic - North Adriatic islands
A3: Mountains of Dalmatia - Central mountain range
A4: Dalmatian Mountains - Coastal Mountain Range
A5: The mountains of southern Dalmatia and Mediterranean Herzegovina
A6: The islands of Central and South Adriatic and Peljesac
A7: Primorje Mountains of Montenegro
A8: Coastal and Central Montenegro Mountains - Katunska karst flattening
A9: Mountains of the Montenegrin Rudina
A10/11: Mountains of Low Herzegovina
B1: Group of Trnova herod
B2: Snežnik - gorskokotarska plateau
B3: Notran plateau
B4: Great Chapel
B5: Massive Velebit
B6: Little Chapel and Lika Center
B7: Massif Lička Plješivica (Plješevica)
B8: Massive Dinars
B9: A tent-mountainous mountain range
B10: Group Cincara
B11: Klekovačko-grmečka grupa
B12: Mountain Range Rises
B13: Area of the Chain Bridge
B14: Massive Prunes
B15: High mountains of Herzegovina - Velež and Herzegovinian Rudine
B16: Mountains of High Herzegovina - Mountain range of Crvanj-Lebršnik
B17: Zelengore Group
B18: Bioc-Maglic-Volujak Group
B19: Vranice Group
B20: Bjelasnička skupina (Southern Sarajevo Mountains)
B21: Mountain range Golija-Vojnik
B22: Group Switches
B23: Durmitor area
B24: Massive Sinj
B25: The Moravian-Fallen Mountains and Maganik
B26: Love Group
B27: Massive Bjelasica
B28: Komova Group
B29: Group of Visitors
B30: Kučke planine (Žijovo)
B31: Prokletije (Bjeshkët e Nemuna)
C1: Group of Kočevski Roga
C2: Žumberak / Gorjanci Group
C3: Central and Eastern Bosnia Mountains - Vlasic Group
C4: Central Bosnia Mountains
C5: Eastern Bosnia Mountains
C6: Central and Eastern Bosnia Mountains - Jahorina Group
C7: Mountains of Stara Vlaha and Raska (Sandžak) - Polymers-Podrinje Group
C8: Mountains of Stara Vlaha and Raška (Sandžak) - Zlatarsko-pešterska grupa
C9: Mountains of the Old Mountains - the central group
C10: Mountains of Serbia - Podrinje-valjevo mountains
C11: Peri-Panonian or pre-Dinaric Mountains.

The mountains and plateaus within the Dinarides are found in the following regions:

Albania

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Croatia

Italy

Kosovo

• Đeravica/Gjeravica


• Gusan/Maja Gusanit


• Marijaš/Marijash

Montenegro

• Bijela gora


• Durmitor


• Hajla


• Lovćen


• Maganik


• Njegoš


• Orjen


• Prokletije


• Rumija


• Sinjajevina

Serbia

Slovenia

Notes and references

Notes:

References:

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dinaric Alps.

• Discover Dinarides Project


• Environment for People in the Dinaric Arc Project


• Via Dinarica Trail - Mega-trail across highest peaks of Dinaric Alps