Vfrdtyky

I have a 2400 by 2400 array of data which looks something like this:

data = [[-2.302670298082603040e-01 -2.304885241061924717e-01 -2.305029774024092148e-01 -2.304807100897505734e-01 -2.303702531336284665e-01 -2.307144352067780346e-01...

[-2.302670298082603040e-01 -2.304885241061924717e-01 -2.305029774024092148e-01 -2.304807100897505734e-01 -2.303702531336284665e-01 -2.307144352067780346e-01...

...

and I am trying to fit the following 2D Gaussian function:

def Gauss2D(x, mux, muy, sigmax, sigmay, amplitude, offset, rotation):

    assert len(x) == 2

    X = x[0]

    Y = x[1]

    A = (np.cos(rotation)**2)/(2*sigmax**2) + (np.sin(rotation)**2)/(2*sigmay**2)

    B = (np.sin(rotation*2))/(4*sigmay**2) - (np.sin(2*rotation))/(4*sigmax**2)

    C = (np.sin(rotation)**2)/(2*sigmax**2) + (np.cos(rotation)**2)/(2*sigmay**2)

    G = amplitude*np.exp(-((A * (X - mux) ** 2) + (2 * B * (X - mux) * (Y - muy)) + (C * (Y - muy) ** 2))) + offset

    return G

to this data, using scipy curve_fit. I have therefore defined the domain of the independent variables (coordinates) as follows:

vert = np.arange(2400, dtype=float)

horiz = np.arange(2400, dtype=float)

HORIZ, VERT = np.meshgrid(horiz, vert)

and as an initial estimate of the parameters:

po = np.asarray([1200., 1200., 300., 300., 0.14, 0.22, 0.], dtype=float)

so that I can perform the following fit:

popt, pcov = curve_fit(Gauss2D, (HORIZ, VERT), data, p0=po)

This is returning the following error message, and I haven't the faintest clue why:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)

ValueError: object too deep for desired array

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

error                                     Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-11-ebba75332bfa> in <module>()

----> 1 curve_fit(Gauss2D, (HORIZ, VERT), data, p0=po)



/home/harrythegenius/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/scipy/optimize/minpack.py in curve_fit(f, xdata, ydata, p0, sigma, absolute_sigma, check_finite, bounds, method, jac, **kwargs)

734         # Remove full_output from kwargs, otherwise we're passing it in twice.

735         return_full = kwargs.pop('full_output', False)

--> 736         res = leastsq(func, p0, Dfun=jac, full_output=1, **kwargs)

737         popt, pcov, infodict, errmsg, ier = res

738         cost = np.sum(infodict['fvec'] ** 2)



/home/harrythegenius/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/scipy/optimize/minpack.py in leastsq(func, x0, args, Dfun, full_output, col_deriv, ftol, xtol, gtol, maxfev, epsfcn, factor, diag)

385             maxfev = 200*(n + 1)

386         retval = _minpack._lmdif(func, x0, args, full_output, ftol, xtol,

--> 387                                  gtol, maxfev, epsfcn, factor, diag)

388     else:

389         if col_deriv:



error: Result from function call is not a proper array of floats.

I don't understand the message "object too deep for desired array". I have also seen multiple online solutions to this error message, in which one would fix it by ensuring that all data types which were passed to curve_fit were floats, or by checking that the dimensions of the arrays were correct. I have tried both of these approaches, time and time again, but it makes no difference. So what's wrong with this one?

Per the comments, here is a 3D surface fitter using curve_fit() that has 3D scatterplot, 3D surface plot, and contour plot.

import numpy, scipy, scipy.optimize

import matplotlib

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import  Axes3D

from matplotlib import cm # to colormap 3D surfaces from blue to red

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt



graphWidth = 800 # units are pixels

graphHeight = 600 # units are pixels



# 3D contour plot lines

numberOfContourLines = 16





def SurfacePlot(func, data, fittedParameters):

    f = plt.figure(figsize=(graphWidth/100.0, graphHeight/100.0), dpi=100)



    matplotlib.pyplot.grid(True)

    axes = Axes3D(f)



    x_data = data[0]

    y_data = data[1]

    z_data = data[2]



    xModel = numpy.linspace(min(x_data), max(x_data), 20)

    yModel = numpy.linspace(min(y_data), max(y_data), 20)

    X, Y = numpy.meshgrid(xModel, yModel)



    Z = func(numpy.array([X, Y]), *fittedParameters)



    axes.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap=cm.coolwarm, linewidth=1, antialiased=True)



    axes.scatter(x_data, y_data, z_data) # show data along with plotted surface



    axes.set_title('Surface Plot (click-drag with mouse)') # add a title for surface plot

    axes.set_xlabel('X Data') # X axis data label

    axes.set_ylabel('Y Data') # Y axis data label

    axes.set_zlabel('Z Data') # Z axis data label



    plt.show()

    plt.close('all') # clean up after using pyplot or else thaere can be memory and process problems





def ContourPlot(func, data, fittedParameters):

    f = plt.figure(figsize=(graphWidth/100.0, graphHeight/100.0), dpi=100)

    axes = f.add_subplot(111)



    x_data = data[0]

    y_data = data[1]

    z_data = data[2]



    xModel = numpy.linspace(min(x_data), max(x_data), 20)

    yModel = numpy.linspace(min(y_data), max(y_data), 20)

    X, Y = numpy.meshgrid(xModel, yModel)



    Z = func(numpy.array([X, Y]), *fittedParameters)



    axes.plot(x_data, y_data, 'o')



    axes.set_title('Contour Plot') # add a title for contour plot

    axes.set_xlabel('X Data') # X axis data label

    axes.set_ylabel('Y Data') # Y axis data label



    CS = matplotlib.pyplot.contour(X, Y, Z, numberOfContourLines, colors='k')

    matplotlib.pyplot.clabel(CS, inline=1, fontsize=10) # labels for contours



    plt.show()

    plt.close('all') # clean up after using pyplot or else thaere can be memory and process problems





def ScatterPlot(data):

    f = plt.figure(figsize=(graphWidth/100.0, graphHeight/100.0), dpi=100)



    matplotlib.pyplot.grid(True)

    axes = Axes3D(f)

    x_data = data[0]

    y_data = data[1]

    z_data = data[2]



    axes.scatter(x_data, y_data, z_data)



    axes.set_title('Scatter Plot (click-drag with mouse)')

    axes.set_xlabel('X Data')

    axes.set_ylabel('Y Data')

    axes.set_zlabel('Z Data')



    plt.show()

    plt.close('all') # clean up after using pyplot or else thaere can be memory and process problems





def func(data, a, alpha, beta):

    t = data[0]

    p_p = data[1]

    return a * (t**alpha) * (p_p**beta)





if __name__ == "__main__":

    xData = numpy.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0])

    yData = numpy.array([11.0, 12.1, 13.0, 14.1, 15.0, 16.1, 17.0, 18.1, 90.0])

    zData = numpy.array([1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5, 6.6, 7.7, 8.0, 9.9])



    data = [xData, yData, zData]



    initialParameters = [1.0, 1.0, 1.0] # these are the same as scipy default values in this example



    # here a non-linear surface fit is made with scipy's curve_fit()

    fittedParameters, pcov = scipy.optimize.curve_fit(func, [xData, yData], zData, p0 = initialParameters)



    ScatterPlot(data)

    SurfacePlot(func, data, fittedParameters)

    ContourPlot(func, data, fittedParameters)



    print('fitted prameters', fittedParameters)



    modelPredictions = func(data, *fittedParameters) 



    absError = modelPredictions - zData



    SE = numpy.square(absError) # squared errors

    MSE = numpy.mean(SE) # mean squared errors

    RMSE = numpy.sqrt(MSE) # Root Mean Squared Error, RMSE

    Rsquared = 1.0 - (numpy.var(absError) / numpy.var(zData))

    print('RMSE:', RMSE)

    print('R-squared:', Rsquared)

OK guys, I've fixed the problem myself. As I suspected, it's a dimensionality issue.

The appropriate dimensions for curve_fit applied to a 2D array are as follows:

• 
  Function - One Dimension, which in this case carries the same dimensions as the data set unless enforced


• 
  x data - (2, n*m), where n and m are the dimensions of the data array


• 
  y data - (n*m)


• 
  List of Initial Parameters - A 1D array simply containing all the parameters in the same order as stated in the function

I therefore left my parameter array unchanged, but made the following change to the function:

def Gauss2D(x, mux, muy, sigmax, sigmay, amplitude, offset, rotation):

    assert len(x) == 2

    X = x[0]

    Y = x[1]

    A = (np.cos(rotation)**2)/(2*sigmax**2) + (np.sin(rotation)**2)/(2*sigmay**2)

    B = (np.sin(rotation*2))/(4*sigmay**2) - (np.sin(2*rotation))/(4*sigmax**2)

    C = (np.sin(rotation)**2)/(2*sigmax**2) + (np.cos(rotation)**2)/(2*sigmay**2)

    G = amplitude*np.exp(-((A * (X - mux) ** 2) + (2 * B * (X - mux) * (Y - muy)) + (C * (Y - muy) ** 2))) + offset

    return G.ravel()

and I passed the following to the x data argument:

x = np.vstack((HORIZ.ravel(), VERT.ravel()))

and this to the y data argument:

y = data.ravel()

Thus, I optimised it using:

curve_fit(Gauss2D, x, y, po)

which works just fine.