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Cuckooshrike
Black-faced cuckooshrike Coracina novaehollandiae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Superfamily:	Corvoidea
Family:	Campephagidae Vigors, 1825
Genera
Celebesica Coracina Ceblepyris Malindangia Cyanograucalus Campochaera Lobotos Lalage Campephaga Pericrocotus Edolisoma

The cuckooshrikes and allies in the family Campephagidae are small to medium-sized passerine bird species found in the subtropical and tropical Africa, Asia and Australasia. The roughly 86 species are found in eight (or nine) genera which comprise five distinct groups, the 'true' cuckooshrikes (Campephaga, Coracina, Celebesica, Ceblepyris, Edolisoma, Lobotos, Pteropodocys and Campochaera) the trillers (Lalage), the minivets (Pericrocotus), the flycatcher-shrikes (Hemipus) comprise a total of 316 taxa. The woodshrikes (Tephrodornis) were often considered to be in this family but are probably better placed in their own family, Tephrodornithidae, along with the philentomas and the flycatcher-shrikes. Another genus, Chlamydochaera, which has one species, the black-breasted fruithunter, was often placed in this family but has now been shown to be a thrush (Turdidae).

Taxonomy

Cuckooshrikes are not closely related to either the cuckoos or to the shrikes; the name probably comes from the grey colour of many of the cuckooshrikes. Some of the species also bear a superficial resemblance to cuckoos, and have a similar undulating flight. The grey colouration has led to one of their other names, the greybird. In some parts of the world they have also been known as caterpillar-birds, a name derived from their diet. Although unsuspected earlier, DNA studies have suggested they may be related to the Old World orioles (Oriolidae), although they differ strongly in some morphological characteristics (such as skull morphology and the arrangements of feathers on the wing). The genus Coracina is not monophyletic, which suggests reinstating the genus Edolisoma.^[1][2]

Description

Overall the cuckooshrikes are medium to small arboreal birds, generally long and slender. The smallest species is the small minivet at 16 cm (6.3 in) and 6–12 g (0.21–0.42 oz), while the largest is the south Melanesian cuckooshrike at 35 cm (14 in) and 180 grams (0.40 pounds).^[3] They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although the minivets are brightly coloured in red, yellow and black, and the blue cuckooshrike of central Africa is all-over glossy blue. The four cuckooshrikes in the genus Campephaga exhibit sexual dimorphism, with males that have glossy black plumage and bright red or yellow wattles, the females having more subdued olive-green plumage.^[4]

Habitat

Of the 84 species of cuckooshrike, the majority are forest birds. Some species are restricted to primary forest, like the New Caledonian cuckooshrike, others are able to use more disturbed forest. Around eleven species use much more open habitat, one Australian species, the ground cuckooshrike being found in open plains and scrubland with few trees.

Behaviour

Nesting ground cuckooshrike

The 'true' cuckooshrikes are usually found singly, in pairs, and in small family groups, whereas the minivets, flycatcher-shrikes and wood-shrikes more frequently form small flocks. There is a considerable amount of variation within the family as a whole with regards to calls, some call very infrequently and some, principally the minivets, are extremely vocal.

These are mainly insectivorous, and will take large hairy caterpillars. They have also been recorded eating small vertebrates, and some fruit, seeds and other plant matter.^[4]

Information about the breeding of this family is incomplete, with many species having never been studied. In all the species studied the cuckooshrikes are territorial; in species that do not migrate these territories are maintained year-round. Cuckooshrikes are monogamous, with the pair bonds apparently lasting throughout the year. Only one instance of non-monogamous breeding has been recorded, an instance of polygyny in white-winged trillers in Australia, where one male aided two females in raising their young. Several species of cuckooshrike exhibit cooperative breeding. About four blotchy white, green or blue eggs are laid in a cup nest in a tree. Incubation is about two weeks.

Taxonomic list of Campephagidae

FAMILY: CAMPEPHAGIDAE

• 
  Genus Coracina
  
  
  
  • 
    Ground cuckooshrike, Coracina maxima
    
    

    
    

    
    Coracina macei
    

    
    
    
    
  
  
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    Large cuckooshrike, Coracina macei
    
  
  
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    Sunda cuckooshrike, Coracina larvata
    
  
  
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    Javan cuckooshrike, Coracina javensis
    
  
  
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    Slaty cuckooshrike, Coracina schistacea
    
  
  
  • 
    Wallacean cuckooshrike, Coracina personata
    
  
  
  • 
    South Melanesian cuckooshrike, Coracina caledonica
    
  
  
  • 
    North Melanesian cuckooshrike, Coracina welchmani
    
  
  
  • 
    Black-faced cuckooshrike, Coracina novaehollandiae
    
  
  
  • 
    Stout-billed cuckooshrike, Coracina caeruleogrisea
    
  
  
  • 
    Bar-bellied cuckooshrike, Coracina striata
    
    • Cebu bar-bellied cuckooshrike, Coracina striata cebuensis - extinct (early 20th century)
    
    
  
  
  • 
    Andaman cuckooshrike, Coracina dobsoni
    
  
  
  • 
    Pied cuckooshrike, Coracina bicolor
    
  
  
  • 
    Moluccan cuckooshrike, Coracina atriceps
    
  
  
  • 
    Buru cuckooshrike, Coracina fortis
    
  
  
  • 
    Cerulean cuckooshrike, Coracina temminckii
    
  
  
  • 
    Barred cuckooshrike, Coracina lineata
    
  
  
  • 
    Boyer's cuckooshrike, Coracina boyeri
    
  
  
  • 
    White-rumped cuckooshrike, Coracina leucopygia
    
  
  
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    White-bellied cuckooshrike, Coracina papuensis
    
  
  
  • 
    Hooded cuckooshrike, Coracina longicauda
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  Genus Cyanograucalus
  
  • 
    Blue cuckooshrike, Cyanograucalus azureus
    
  
  


• 
  Genus Malindangia
  
  • 
    McGregor's cuckooshrike, Malindangia mcgregori
    
  
  


• 
  Genus Celebesica
  
  • 
    Pygmy cuckooshrike, Celebesica abbotti
    
  
  


• 
  Genus Ceblepyris
  
  
  
  • 
    Grey cuckooshrike, Ceblepyris caesius
    
  
  
  • 
    Grauer's cuckooshrike, Ceblepyris graueri
    
  
  
  • 
    Madagascan cuckooshrike, Ceblepyris cinereus
    
  
  
  • 
    Comoros cuckooshrike, Ceblepyris cucullatus
    
  
  
  • 
    White-breasted cuckooshrike, Ceblepyris pectoralis
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  Genus Edolisoma
  
  
  
  • 
    New Caledonian cuckooshrike, Edolisoma analis
    
  
  
  • 
    White-winged cuckooshrike, Edolisoma ostentum
    
  
  
  • 
    Blackish cuckooshrike, Edolisoma coerulescens
    
    
    
    • Cebu blackish cuckooshrike, Edolisoma coerulescens altera - possibly extinct (early 20th century?)
    
    
    • Marinduque blackish cuckooshrike, Edolisoma coerulescens deschauenseei - possibly extinct (late 20th century?)
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    Black-bellied cuckooshrike, Edolisoma montanum
    
  
  
  • 
    Pale-shouldered cicadabird, Edolisoma dohertyi
    
  
  
  • 
    Kai cicadabird, Edolisoma dispar
    
  
  
  • 
    Grey-headed cuckooshrike, Edolisoma schisticeps
    
  
  
  • 
    Pale cicadabird, Edolisoma ceramense
    
  
  
  • 
    Black-bibbed cicadabird, Edolisoma mindanense
    
  
  
  • 
    Makira cicadabird, Edolisoma salomonis
    
  
  
  • 
    Solomons cuckooshrike, Edolisoma holopolium
    
  
  
  • 
    Sulawesi cicadabird, Edolisoma morio
    
  
  
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    Black-shouldered cicadabird, Edolisoma incertum
    
  
  
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    Grey-capped cicadabird, Edolisoma remotum
    
  
  
  • 
    Sula cicadabird, Edolisoma sula
    
  
  
  • 
    Common cicadabird, Edolisoma tenuirostre
    
    • Maros cicadabird, Edolisoma tenuirostre edithae - disputed; extinct (mid-20th century)
    
    
  
  
  • 
    Admiralty cicadabird, Edolisoma admiralitatis
    
  
  
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    Palau cicadabird, Edolisoma monacha
    
  
  
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    Yap cicadabird, Edolisoma nesiotis
    
  
  
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    Pohnpei cicadabird, Edolisoma insperatum
    
  
  
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    Black cicadabird, Edolisoma melas
    
  
  
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    Halmahera cuckooshrike, Edolisoma parvulum
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  Genus Campochaera
  
  • 
    Golden cuckooshrike, Campochaera sloetii
    
  
  


• 
  Genus Lalage
  
  
  
  • 
    Black-and-white triller, Lalage melanoleuca
    
  
  
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    Pied triller, Lalage nigra
    
  
  
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    White-rumped triller, Lalage leucopygialis
    
  
  
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    White-shouldered triller, Lalage sueurii
    
  
  
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    White-winged triller, Lalage tricolor
    
  
  
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    Rufous-bellied triller, Lalage aurea
    
  
  
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    White-browed triller, Lalage moesta
    
  
  
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    Varied triller, Lalage leucomela
    
  
  
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    Black-browed triller, Lalage atrovirens
    
  
  
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    Samoan triller, Lalage sharpei
    
  
  
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    Polynesian triller, Lalage maculosa
    
  
  
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    Long-tailed triller, Lalage leucopyga
    
    • 
      Norfolk triller, Lalage (leucopyga) leucopyga - extinct (1976)
    
    
  
  
  • 
    Mauritius cuckooshrike, Lalage typica
    
  
  
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    Reunion cuckooshrike, Lalage newtoni
    
  
  
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    Indochinese cuckooshrike, Lalage polioptera
    
  
  
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    Black-winged cuckooshrike, Lalage melaschistos
    
  
  
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    Lesser cuckooshrike, Lalage fimbriata
    
  
  
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    Black-headed cuckooshrike, Lalage melanoptera
    
  
  
  
  

• 
  Genus Campephaga
  
  
  
  • 
    Petit's cuckooshrike, Campephaga petiti
    
  
  
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    Black cuckooshrike, Campephaga flava
    
  
  
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    Red-shouldered cuckooshrike, Campephaga phoenicea
    
  
  
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    Purple-throated cuckooshrike, Campephaga quiscalina
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  Genus Lobotos
  
  
  
  • 
    Western wattled cuckooshrike, Lobotos lobatus
    
  
  
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    Eastern wattled cuckooshrike, Lobotos oriolinus
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  Genus Pericrocotus
  
  
  
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    Rosy minivet, Pericrocotus roseus
    
  
  
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    Brown-rumped minivet, Pericrocotus cantonensis
    
  
  
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    Ashy minivet, Pericrocotus divaricatus
    
  
  
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    Small minivet, Pericrocotus cinnamomeus
    
  
  
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    Ryūkyū minivet, Pericrocotus tegimae
    
  
  
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    Fiery minivet, Pericrocotus igneus
    
  
  
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    Flores minivet, Pericrocotus lansbergei
    
  
  
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    White-bellied minivet, Pericrocotus erythropygius
    
  
  
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    Jerdon's minivet, Pericrocotus albifrons
    
  
  
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    Long-tailed minivet, Pericrocotus ethologus
    
  
  
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    Short-billed minivet, Pericrocotus brevirostris
    
  
  
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    Sunda minivet, Pericrocotus miniatus
    
  
  
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    Scarlet minivet, Pericrocotus speciosus
    
  
  
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    Orange minivet, Pericrocotus flammeus
    
  
  
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    Gray-chinned minivet, Pericrocotus solaris
    
  
  
  
  

References

• del Hoyo. J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., (eds), Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume Ten, Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes,
  ISBN 84-87334-72-5
  

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to campephagidae.

• 
  Cuckooshrike videos on the Internet Bird Collection