A tropical monsoon climate (occasionally known as a tropical wet climate or a tropical monsoon and trade-wind littoral climate) is a type of climate that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification category "Am". Tropical monsoon climates have monthly mean temperatures above 18 °C (64.4 °F) in every month of the year. Tropical monsoon climates is the intermediate climate between the wet Af (or tropical rainforest climate) and Aw (or tropical savanna climate).
A tropical monsoon climate, however, has its driest month seeing on average less than 60 mm, but more than 100 – [total annual precipitation {mm}/25] of precipitation.[1] This latter fact is in direct contrast to a tropical savanna climate, whose driest month sees less than 60 mm of precipitation and also less than 100 – [total annual precipitation {mm}/25] of precipitation. In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons. Additionally, a tropical monsoon climate tends to see less variance in temperatures during the course of the year than a tropical savanna climate. This climate has a driest month which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator.[2]
Contents
1Versions
2Distribution
3Factors
4Notable cities with a Tropical monsoon climate
5Charts of selected cities
6References
Versions
There are generally two versions of a tropical monsoon climate:
Less pronounced dry seasons. Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms. However, unlike most tropical savanna climates, a sizeable amount of precipitation also falls during the dry season(s). In essence, this version of the tropical monsoon climate generally has less pronounced dry seasons than tropical savanna climates.
Extraordinarily rainy wet seasons and pronounced dry seasons. This variation features pronounced dry seasons similar in length and character to dry seasons observed in tropical savanna climates. However, this is followed by a sustained period (or sustained periods) of extraordinary rainfall. In some instances, up to (and sometimes in excess of) 1,000 mm of precipitation is observed per month for two or more consecutive months. Tropical savanna climates generally do not see this level of sustained rainfall.
Distribution
Tropical monsoon climates are most commonly found in South and Central America. However, there are sections of South Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa (particularly West and Central Africa), the Caribbean and North America that also feature this climate.
Factors
The major controlling factor over a tropical monsoon climate is its relationship to the monsoon circulation. The monsoon is a seasonal change in wind direction. In Asia, during the summer (or high-sun season) there is an onshore flow of air (air moving from ocean towards land). In the “winter” (or low-sun season) an offshore air flow (air moving from land toward water) is prevalent. The change in direction is due to the difference in the way water and land heat. October is the hottest month no matter whether is it in the southern or northern hemisphere. This is because October is the shoulder season of the year as if it is the end of the wet season and no winter winds blowing ( Northeast monsoon).
Changing pressure patterns that affect the seasonality of precipitation also occur in Africa though it generally differs from the way it operates in Asia. During the high-sun season, the Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) induces rain. During the low-sun season, the subtropical high creates dry conditions. The monsoon climates of Africa, and the Americas for that matter, are typically located along tradewind coasts.
Notable cities with a Tropical monsoon climate
Cairns, Queensland, Australia
Yangon, Myanmar
Taitung, Taiwan
Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
Miami, Florida, United States
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Chittagong, Bangladesh
Malé, Maldives
Conakry, Guinea
Vigan, Philippines
Charts of selected cities
Chittagong
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
5
26
13
28
28
15
64
31
19
150
32
23
264
32
24
533
31
25
597
30
25
518
30
24
320
31
24
180
31
23
56
29
18
15
26
14
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: BBC[3]
Imperial conversion
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
0.2
79
55
1.1
82
59
2.5
88
66
5.9
90
73
10
90
75
21
88
77
24
86
77
20
86
75
13
88
75
7.1
88
73
2.2
84
64
0.6
79
57
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Conakry
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
1
32
19
1
33
20
3
33
21
22
34
22
137
33
21
396
32
20
1130
30
20
1104
30
21
617
31
21
295
31
20
70
32
21
8
32
20
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: HK[4]
Imperial conversion
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
0
90
66
0
92
68
0.1
92
70
0.9
92
72
5.4
92
69
16
89
68
44
86
69
43
86
69
24
87
69
12
88
69
2.8
90
70
0.3
90
68
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Manaus
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
260
31
23
288
30
23
314
31
23
300
31
23
256
31
23
114
31
23
88
31
23
58
33
23
83
33
24
126
33
24
183
32
24
217
31
24
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: WMO[5] HK[6]
Imperial conversion
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
10
87
74
11
87
74
12
87
74
12
87
74
10
87
74
4.5
88
73
3.4
88
73
2.3
91
73
3.3
91
74
4.9
91
75
7.2
90
75
8.5
88
74
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Miami
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
51
24
15
53
25
16
61
26
18
72
28
20
158
30
22
237
31
24
145
32
25
193
32
25
194
31
24
143
29
22
68
27
19
47
25
16
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: WMO[7]
Imperial conversion
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
2
75
59
2.1
76
60
2.4
79
64
2.9
82
68
6.2
85
72
9.3
88
75
5.7
89
76
7.6
89
77
7.6
88
76
5.6
85
72
2.7
80
67
1.8
77
62
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
References
^McKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel (2000). "Climate Zones and Types". Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-020263-0..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^McKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel (2000). "Climate Zones and Types: The Köppen System". Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. There are also 3 types of tropical places: tropical wet, tropical wet/dry and tropical monsoon which this article is all about. pg. 208.
ISBN 0-13-020263-0
^"Average Conditions - Chittagong, Bangladesh". BBC Weather. Archived from the original on 11 March 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
^"Climatological Normals of Conakry". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
^"Weather Information for Manaus". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
^"Climatological Information for Manaus, Brazil". Hong Kong Observatory. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
^"Weather Information for Miami, Florida". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
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Climate types under the Köppen climate classification
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