Politics of Ukraine






































Ukraine
Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Ukraine






















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Politics of Ukraine takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by both the Legislative power is vested in the parliament (Verkhovna Rada). Scholars have described Ukraine's political system as "weak, fractured, highly personal and ideologically vacuous while the judiciary and media fail to hold politicians to account" (Dr. Taras Kuzio in 2009).[1][2][3] Ukrainian politics has been categorised as "over-centralised" which is seen as both a legacy of the Soviet system and caused by a fear of separatism.[2][4]Corruption in Ukraine is rampant, and widely cited, at home and abroad, as a defining characteristic (and decisive handicap) of Ukrainian society, politics and government.[5][6][7][8] The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Ukraine as "hybrid regime" in 2016.[9]




Contents






  • 1 Constitution of Ukraine


  • 2 Fundamental Freedoms


  • 3 Executive branch


  • 4 Legislative branch


  • 5 Political parties and elections


    • 5.1 Parties currently represented in the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament)


    • 5.2 Former parliamentary parties


    • 5.3 Presidential Election 2014


    • 5.4 Parliamentary Election 2012


    • 5.5 Presidential Election 2010


    • 5.6 Parliamentary Election 2007


    • 5.7 Presidential Election 2004




  • 6 Judicial branch


  • 7 Local government


  • 8 Autonomous Republic of Crimea


  • 9 International organization participation


  • 10 See also


  • 11 External links


  • 12 References





Constitution of Ukraine



Shortly after becoming independent in 1991, Ukraine named a parliamentary commission to prepare a new constitution, adopted a multi-party system, and adopted legislative guarantees of civil and political rights for national minorities. A new, democratic constitution was adopted on 28 June 1996, which mandates a pluralistic political system with protection of basic human rights and liberties, and a semi-presidential form of government.


The Constitution was amended in December 2004[10] to ease the resolution of the 2004 presidential election crisis. The consociationalist agreement transformed the form of government in a semi-presidentialism in which the President of Ukraine had to cohabit with a powerful Prime Minister.
The Constitutional Amendments took force between January and May 2006.


The Constitutional Court of Ukraine in October 2010 overturned the 2004 amendments, considering them unconstitutional.[11] The present valid Constitution of Ukraine is therefore the 1996 text.



Fundamental Freedoms


Freedom of religion is guaranteed by law, although religious organizations are required to register with local authorities and with the central government.
Minority rights are respected in accordance with a 1991 law guaranteeing ethnic minorities the right to schools and cultural facilities and the use of national languages in conducting personal business. According to the Ukrainian constitution, Ukrainian is the only official state language. However, in Crimea and some parts of eastern Ukraine—areas with substantial ethnic Russian minorities—use of Russian is widespread in official business.


Freedom of speech and press are guaranteed by law, but authorities sometimes interfere with the news media through different forms of pressure (see Freedom of the press in Ukraine). In particular, the failure of the government to conduct a thorough, credible, and transparent investigation into the 2000 disappearance and murder of independent journalist Georgiy Gongadze has had a negative effect on Ukraine's international image. Over half of Ukrainians polled by the Razumkov Center in early October 2010 (56.6%) believed political censorship existed in Ukraine.[12]


Official labor unions have been grouped under the Federation of Labor Unions. A number of independent unions, which emerged during 1992, among them the Independent Union of Miners of Ukraine, have formed the Consultative Council of Free Labor Unions. While the right to strike is legally guaranteed, strikes based solely on political demands are prohibited.



Executive branch
























Main office holders
Office
Name
Party
Since

President

Petro Poroshenko

Independent
7 June 2014

Prime Minister

Volodymyr Groysman

Petro Poroshenko Bloc
14 April 2016

The president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term.[13] The President nominates the Prime Minister, who must be confirmed by parliament. The Prime-minister and cabinet are de jure appointed by the Parliament on submission of the President and Prime Minister respectively. Pursuant to Article 114 of the Constitution of Ukraine.



Legislative branch


The Verkhovna Rada (Parliament of Ukraine) has 450 members, elected for a four-year term (five-year between 2006 and 2012 with the 2004 amendments). Prior to 2006, half of the members were elected by proportional representation and the other half by single-seat constituencies. Starting with the March 2006 parliamentary election, all 450 members of the Verkhovna Rada were elected by party-list proportional representation.
The Verkhovna Rada initiates legislation, ratifies international agreements, and approves the budget.


The overall trust in legislative powers in Ukraine is very low.[14]



Political parties and elections



Ukrainian parties tend not to have clear-cut ideologies[15]
but incline to centre around civilizational and geostrategic orientations (rather than economic and socio-political agendas, as in Western politics),[16]
around personalities and business interests.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]
Party membership is lower than 1% of the population eligible to vote (compared to an average of 4.7% in the European Union[29]).[30][31]



Parties currently represented in the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament)







































































































































































































Logo of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.svg

(Shading indicates majority caucus)

Total
Vacant










Petro Poroshenko Bloc

People's Front

Opposition Bloc

Self Reliance

Radical Party

Fatherland

Revival[a 1]

People's Will[a 2][a 3]

Non-affiliated[a 4]
End of previous convocation

DNP[a 5]

DNP[a 6]

DNP[a 7]

DNP
1

86
41
35
93
445
5

Seats won in 2014 election[32]

132
82
29
33
22
19

DNP

DNP
96
423
27
November 27, 2014
(first session)[40][36]

145
83
40
32
19
20
38
418
32
December 2, 2014[41][36]

147
420
30
February 5, 2015[36]

150
82
31
21
18
42
422
28
June 24, 2015[36]

144
81
43
22
19
422
28
October 22, 2015[36]

142
26
20
48
422
28
February 13, 2016[36]

136
23
53
422
28
April 11, 2016[36]

141
47
422
28
April 12, 2016[36]

145[a 8]
19
44
422
28
July 19, 2016[36]

142
42
422
28
September 21, 2016[36]

143
21
46
422
28
December 23, 2016[36][43]

142
20
24
18
48
422
28
September 10, 2017[36]

138
20
17
51
422
28
July 31, 2017[36]

135
25
24
19
55
422
28
November 22, 2018[36]

135
38
60
422
28
Latest voting share

7001327000000000000♠32.7%

7001192000000000000♠19.2%

7001102009999900000♠10.2%

7000620000000000000♠6.2%

7000470000000000000♠4.7%

7000470000000000000♠4.7%

7000620000000000000♠6.2%

7000400000000000000♠4.0%

7001121000000000000♠12.1%

7001938000000000000♠93.8%

7000620000000000000♠6.2%




  1. ^ Revival was briefly called Economic Development in 2014. It was also a parliamentary group like People's Will until 2015.


  2. ^ People's Will is a parliamentary group. Parliamentary groups consist of non-partisan deputies or representatives of parties that did not overcome election threshold (i.e. Svoboda, Strong Ukraine, etc.).


  3. ^ The People's Will deputy group in previous convocation was known as Sovereign European Ukraine.


  4. ^ Parties that did not pass the 5% threshold of the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, Svoboda (7 seats), Right Sector (1 seat), Strong Ukraine (1 seat), Volia (1 seat), and Zastup (1 seat) are part of non-affiliated.[32] After the 17 July 2016 constituency mid-term elections the parties UKROP and Our Land joined them.[33]


  5. ^ 30% of the Petro Poroshenko Bloc election list was filled by members of the Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform (UDAR), which did not participate in the 2014 election independently. UDAR participated in the 2012 election, consisting of a faction of 41 deputies in the previous convocation.[34][35][36]


  6. ^ People's Front is a September 2014 split off from Fatherland; many current members of the People's Front were members of the Fatherland faction of the previous convocation.[37][38]


  7. ^ The Opposition Bloc consists mainly of former members of former President Yanukovych's Party of Regions,[39] which formed the largest caucus after the 2012 election with 185 deputies, although after the removal of Yanukovych and the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, the caucus consisted of only 78 members.


  8. ^ The addition of these four deputies made it possible for Petro Poroshenko Bloc and People's Front to form a government without additional parties.[42]





Former parliamentary parties



















































































































































































































































Individual parties years in parliament Block association (years)
People's Movement of Ukraine 1990-2014
Our Ukraine Bloc (2002-2006)
Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc (2007-2012)
Fatherland-Unites Opposition (2012-2014)
Communist Party of Ukraine 1994-2014
Party of Regions 1997-2014
For United Ukraine (2002)
People's Party 1998-2002
2007-2014

For United Ukraine (2002)
Lytvyn Bloc (2006-2014)
Union Party 1998-2002
2012-2014


People's Self-Defense (also as Forward, Ukraine!)
2002-2014
Our Ukraine Bloc (2002-2006)
Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc (2007-2012)
Fatherland-Unites Opposition (2012-2014)
For Ukraine! 2012-2014
Fatherland-Unites Opposition (2012-2014)
Social Christian Party 2012-2014
Fatherland-Unites Opposition (2012-2014)
Civil Position 2012-2014
Fatherland-Unites Opposition (2012-2014)
Ukrainian Social Democratic Party 2002 - 2012
Bloc of Yulia Tymoshenko (2002-2012)
Ukrainian Platform "Assembly" 2002 - 2006
2006 - 2012

Bloc of Yulia Tymoshenko (2002-2006)
Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc (Our Ukraine) (2006-2012)
Our Ukraine 2006 - 2012
Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc (Our Ukraine) (2006-2012)
Solidarity (Ukraine) 2002 - 2006
Bloc of Viktor Yushchenko (2002-2006)
Ukrainian People's Party 2002 - 2006
2007 - 2012

Bloc of Viktor Yushchenko (2002-2006)
Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc (2007-2012)
Republican Christian Party 2002 - 2006
Bloc of Viktor Yushchenko (2002-2006)
Youth Party of Ukraine 2002 - 2006
Bloc of Viktor Yushchenko (2002-2006)
Motherland Defenders Party 2007 - 2012
Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc (2007-2012)
It's time! 2007 - 2012
Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc (2007-2012)
Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists 1994 - 2002
2002 - 2007
National Front (1998-2002)
Bloc of Viktor Yushchenko (Our Ukraine) (2002-2007)
Ukrainian Republican Party 1994 - 2002 National Front (1998-2002)
Labour Party Ukraine 2007 - 2012
Bloc of Volodymyr Lytvyn (2007-2012)
Socialist Party of Ukraine 1994 - 2007 Bloc of SPU-SelPU (1998-2002)
Peasant Party of Ukraine 1994 - 2002 Bloc of SPU-SelPU (1998-2002)
Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs 2002 - 2006
2006 - 2007

For United Ukraine (2002-2006)
Our Ukraine bloc (2006-2007)
People's Democratic Party 1998 - 2006
For United Ukraine (2002-2006)
Labour Ukraine 2002 - 2006
For United Ukraine (2002-2006)
Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) 1994 - 2006
Democratic Party of Ukraine 1994 - 2006 Bloc of DemPU-DemU (2002-2006)
Democratic Union 2002 - 2006 Bloc of DemPU-DemU (2002-2006)
Party of National Economic Development of Ukraine 2002 - 2006
Ukrainian Marine Party 2002 - 2006
Unity 2002 - 2006 Unity (2002-2006)
Social Democratic Union 2002 - 2006 Unity (2002-2006)
Young Ukraine 2002 - 2006 Unity (2002-2006)
Ukrainian Party of Justice - Union of Veterans, Handicapped, Chornobilians, Afghans 2002 - 2006 Unity (2002-2006)
Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine 1998 - 2002
Party of Greens of Ukraine 1998 - 2002
Hromada 1998 - 2002
Party "Union" 1998 - 2002
Ukrainian National Assembly 1994 - 1998
Party of Labor 1994 - 1998
Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party 1994 - 1998
Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine 1994 - 1998
Party of Democratic Revival of Ukraine 1994 - 1998
Social Democratic Party of Ukraine 1994 - 1998
Party of Economic Revival of Crimea 1994 - 1998
Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) 1937 - 1994

A faction of nonpartisan deputies under the name Reforms for the Future existed between 16 February 2011[44] and 15 December 2012.[45][46][47][36] A faction of nonpartisan deputies under the name For Peace and Stability existed between 2 July 2014 and 27 November 2014.[48][40]


In 1998 - 2000 there was another parliamentary faction Labour Ukraine that existed without its political party until it was registered by the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice in June 2000.[49]


The Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) was prohibited in 1991, however its members were not excluded from the Ukrainian parliament. They formed a parliamentary faction of the Socialist Party of Ukraine. For the 1994 parliamentary elections however the ban on communist parties was lifted and there were two parties with similar ideologies running for parliament the Socialist Party of Ukraine and the Communist Party of Ukraine that was reestablished in 1993.





Presidential Election 2014



Originally scheduled to take place on 29 March 2015, the date was changed to 25 May 2014 following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution.[50][51][52]Petro Poroshenko won the elections with 54.7% of the votes.[53] His closest competitor was Yulia Tymoshenko, who emerged with 12.81% of the votes.[53] The Central Election Commission reported voter turnout at over 60% excluding those regions not under government control, Crimea and a large part of the Donbass.[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] Since Poroshenko obtained an absolute majority in the first round, a run-off second ballot was unnecessary.[63]












































































































































































Candidate
Party
Votes
%

Petro Poroshenko Independent 9,857,308 54.70

Yulia Tymoshenko All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland" 2,310,050 12.81

Oleh Lyashko Radical Party 1,500,377 8.32

Anatoliy Hrytsenko Civil Position 989,029 5.48

Serhiy Tihipko Independent 943,430 5.23

Mykhailo Dobkin Party of Regions 546,138 3.03

Vadim Rabinovich Independent 406,301 2.25

Olga Bogomolets Independent 345,384 1.91

Petro Symonenko Communist Party of Ukraine 272,723 1.51

Oleh Tyahnybok All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda" 210,476 1.16

Dmytro Yarosh Right Sector 127,772 0.70

Andriy Hrynenko Independent 73,277 0.40

Valeriy Konovalyuk Independent 69,572 0.38

Yuriy Boyko Independent 35,928 0.19

Mykola Malomuzh Independent 23,771 0.13

Renat Kuzmin Independent 18,689 0.10

Vasyl Kuybida People's Movement of Ukraine 12,391 0.06

Oleksandr Klymenko Ukrainian People's Party 10,542 0.05

Vasyl Tsushko Independent 10,434 0.05

Volodymyr Saranov Independent 6,232 0.03

Zoryan Shkiryak Independent 5,021 0.02
Invalid/blank votes 244,659 1.35
Total 18,019,504
100
Registered voters/turnout 29,625,200[64] (without FED[65])
30,099,246[64]
60.19[66] (without FED[65])
59,48[66]
Source: CEC




Parliamentary Election 2012






























































































































































































































































































































































e • d ← Summary of the 28 October 2012 Verkhovna Rada election results →
Party
Nationwide constituency
Const.
seats
Total seats
Votes
%
±pp
Seats
Seats
+/-


Party of Regions
6,116,815
30.00

Decrease 4.37
72
113


185 / 450



Increase 10


Fatherland (including United Opposition)[a]
5,208,390
25.55

Decrease 5.17[b]
62
39


101 / 450



Decrease 55


Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform (UDAR) of Vitali Klitschko
2,847,878
13.97

New
34
6


40 / 450



New


Communist Party of Ukraine
2,687,246
13.18

Increase 7.79
32



32 / 450



Increase 5


Freedom
2,129,246
10.45

Increase 9.68
25
12


37 / 450



Increase 37



Party of Natalia Korolevska "Ukraine – Forward!"
322,202
1.58

New




New


Our Ukraine
226,482
1.11

Decrease 13.05[c]




Decrease 72


Radical Party of Oleh Lyashko
221,136
1.08

New

1


1 / 450



New


Party of Pensioners of Ukraine
114,198
0.56

Increase 0.41[d]




Steady 0


Socialist Party of Ukraine
93,081
0.46

Decrease 2.41




Steady 0


Party of Greens of Ukraine
70,316
0.35

Decrease 0.06




Steady 0


Ukrainian Party "Green Planet"
70,117
0.35





Steady 0


Russian Bloc
63,530
0.31





Steady 0


Greens
51,386
0.25

New




New


Ukraine of the Future
38,544
0.19

New




New


Political Association "Native Fatherland"
32,724
0.16

New




New


People's Labor Union of Ukraine
22,854
0.11

New




New


New Politics
21,033
0.10





Steady 0


All-Ukrainian Association "Community"
17,678
0.08





Steady 0


UNA-UNSO
16,937
0.08





Steady 0


Liberal Party of Ukraine
15,566
0.07





Steady 0


United Centre
[e]



3


3 / 450



New


People's Party
[e]



2


2 / 450



Decrease 18[f]


Union
[e]



1


1 / 450



Increase 1

Independents




43


43 / 450



Increase 43

Total valid votes

20,388,138

100


225

220

445

Invalid ballot papers
409,068
1.97





Vacant (constituencies with no result)




5


5 / 450




Total

20,797,206



225

225

450

Registered voters/turnout
36,213,010
57.43





Source: CEC (Proportional votes, Single-member constituencies)
Notes:



  1. ^ United Opposition is the name of coalition of parties, all of which participated under Fatherland umbrella


  2. ^ Result is compared with Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc, the main part of which Fatherland was at the previous election


  3. ^ Result is compared with Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc, the main part of which Our Ukraine was at the previous election


  4. ^ Result is compared with Bloc of the Party of Pensioners of Ukraine, the main part of which Party of Pensioners of Ukraine was at the previous election


  5. ^ abc These parties did not participate in party voting, but only in single-member constituencies


  6. ^ Result is compared with Lytvyn Bloc, the main part of which People's Party was at the previous election





Presidential Election 2010













































































































































































e • d Summary of the 17 January and 7 February 2010 Ukrainian presidential election results
Candidates
Nominating Party
First round[67]
Second round[68]
Votes
%
Votes
%


Viktor Yanukovych

Party of Regions
8,686,642
35.32
12,481,266
48.95


Yulia Tymoshenko

All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland"
6,159,810
25.05
11,593,357
45.47


Serhiy Tihipko
Self-nominated
3,211,198
13.05



Arseniy Yatsenyuk
Self-nominated
1,711,737
6.96


Viktor Yushchenko
Self-nominated
1,341,534
5.45


Petro Symonenko

Communist Party of Ukraine
872,877
3.54


Volodymyr Lytvyn

People's Party
578,883
2.35


Oleh Tyahnybok

All-Ukrainian Union "Freedom"
352,282
1.43


Anatoliy Hrytsenko
Self-nominated
296,412
1.20


Inna Bohoslovska
Self-nominated
102,435
0.41


Oleksandr Moroz

Socialist Party of Ukraine
95,169
0.38


Yuriy Kostenko

Ukrainian People's Party
54,376
0.22


Liudmyla Suprun

People's Democratic Party
47,349
0.19


Vasily Protyvsih
Self-nominated
40,352
0.16


Oleksandr Pabat
Self-nominated
35,474
0.14


Serhiy Ratushniak
Self-nominated
29,795
0.12


Mykhaylo Brodskyy
Self-nominated
14,991
0.06


Oleh Riabokon
Self-nominated
8,334
0.03
Against all
542,819
2.20
1,113,055
4.36
Invalid
405,789
1.65
305,837
1.19

Total
24,588,268
100.00
25,493,529
100.00
Source: Central Election Commission of Ukraine



The first round of voting took place on January 17, 2010. Eighteen candidates nominated for election in which incumbent president Viktor Yushchenko was voted out of office having received only 5.45% of the vote. The two highest polling candidates, Viktor Yanukovych (34.32%) and Yulia Tymoshenko (25.05%), will face each other in a final run-off ballot scheduled to take place on February 7, 2010





Parliamentary Election 2007




Political alignment 2007




Swing 2006 to 2007 (Top Six parties)




Highest vote per region (Percentage by national vote)




Party of Regions vote per region (Percentage by national vote)




Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko vote per region (Percentage by national vote)




Our Ukraine People's self-defence vote per region (Percentage by national vote)




Communist Party of Ukraine vote per region (Percentage by national vote)




Bloc Lytvyn vote per region (Percentage by national vote)




Socialist Party of Ukraine vote per region (Percentage by national vote)

















































































































































































































































e • d 
←Summary of the 30 September 2007 Verkhovna Rada election results →
Parties and coalitions
Votes
%
±pp
Seats
+/-


Party of Regions
8,013,895
34.37

Increase 2.23


175 / 450



Decrease 11


Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc

Fatherland
Ukrainian Social Democratic Party
Reforms and Order Party

7,162,193
30.72

Increase 8.42


156 / 450



Increase 27


Our Ukraine — People's Self-Defense

Our Ukraine
Forward, Ukraine!
People's Movement of Ukraine
Ukrainian People's Party
Ukrainian Republican Party "Sobor"
Christian Democratic Union
European Party of Ukraine
Pora!
Motherland Defenders Party

3,301,282
14.16

Increase0.20


72 / 450



Decrease 9


Communist Party of Ukraine
1,257,291
5.39

Increase 1.72


27 / 450



Increase 6


Lytvyn Bloc

People's Party
Labour Party of Ukraine

924,538
3.97

Increase 1.52


20 / 450



Increase 20



Socialist Party of Ukraine
668,234
2.87

Decrease 2.83


Decrease 33


Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine
309,008
1.33

Decrease 1.60[a]


Steady 0


Freedom
178,660
0.77

Increase 0.41


Steady 0


Party of Greens of Ukraine
94,505
0.41

Decrease 0.13


Steady 0


Ukrainian Regional Asset (Hurray!)

People's Democratic Party
Democratic Party of Ukraine
Republican Christian Party

80,944
0.35

Decrease 0.15[b]


Steady 0


Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed)
68,602
0.29
[c]


Steady 0


Party of Free Democrats
50,852
0.22

New


New


Bloc of the Party of Pensioners of Ukraine

Party of Pensioners of Ukraine
Party of Protection of Pensioners of Ukraine

34,845
0.15

Decrease 0.05[d]


Steady 0


Party of National Economic Development of Ukraine
33,489
0.14

Decrease 0.10


Steady 0


Ukrainian People's Bloc

Ukraine United
For the Welfare and Protection of the People

28,414
0.12

New


New


Peasants' Bloc "Agrarian Ukraine"

Rural Revival Party
New Ukraine

25,675
0.11

New


New


Christian Bloc

Social Christian Party
Ecology and Social Protection

24,597
0.11

Increase 0.02[e]


Steady 0


KUCHMA Bloc

Union
Center

23,676
0.10

New


New


All-Ukrainian Community

Party of Peace and Unity
National-Democratic Association "Ukraine"
Conscience of Ukraine
Political Party of Small and Medium-sized Businesses of Ukraine

12,327
0.05

New


New


Party of People's Trust
5,342
0.02

Decrease 0.10


Steady 0
Against all
637,185
2.73

Increase 0.96


Invalid ballot papers
379,658
1.63

Decrease 0.32



Total

23,315,257

100


450

Registered voters/turnout
37,588,040
62.03

Decrease 5.52


Source: Central Electoral Commission
Notes:



  1. ^ Result is compared to the People's Opposition Bloc of Natalia Vitrenko, the main part of which the Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine was at the previous election


  2. ^ Result is compared to the Block NDP


  3. ^ This party did not participate in previous election


  4. ^ Result is compared to the Party of Pensioners of Ukraine


  5. ^ Result is compared to the Social Christian Party





Presidential Election 2004



The initial second round of the Presidential Election 2004 (on November 17, 2004) was followed by the Orange Revolution, a series of peaceful protests that resulted in the nullification of the second round. The Supreme Court of Ukraine ordered a repeat of the re-run to be held on December 26, 2004, and asked the law enforcement agencies to investigate cases of election fraud.






























































































e • d Summary of the October 31, November 21 and December 26, 2004 Ukraine presidential election results
Candidates — nominating parties
Votes first round 31-Oct-04
%
Votes run-off 21-Nov-04
%
Votes rerun 26-Dec-04
%

Viktor Yushchenko — Self-nomination
11,188,675
39.90
14,222,289
46.61
15,115,712
51.99

Viktor Yanukovych — Party of Regions
11,008,731
39.26
15,093,691
49.46
12,848,528
44.20

Oleksandr Moroz — Socialist Party of Ukraine
1,632,098
5.82


Petro Symonenko — Communist Party of Ukraine
1,396,135
4.97

Nataliya Vitrenko — Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine
429,794
1.53
Others
988,363
3.53
Against All
556,962
1.98
707,284
2.31
682,239
2.34
Informal
834,426
2.97
488,025
1.59
422,492
1.45
Total
28,035,184
100.00
30,511,289
100.00
29,068,971
100.00
Participation rate from 37,613,022

74.54

81.12

77.28
Source: Central Election Commission of Ukraine. On December 3, the Supreme Court of Ukraine declared the results of the November 21, 2004 run-off ballot to be invalid. The re-run ballot was held on December 26, 2004.


Judicial branch



constitutional jurisdiction:


  • the Constitutional Court of Ukraine.

general jurisdiction:



  • the Supreme Court of Ukraine;

  • high specialized courts: the High Arbitration Court of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Вищий господарський суд України), the High Administrative Court of Ukraine;

  • regional courts of appeal, specialized courts of appeal;

  • local district courts.


Laws, acts of the parliament and the Cabinet, presidential edicts, and acts of the Crimean parliament (Autonomous Republic of Crimea) may be nullified by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, when they are found to violate the Constitution of Ukraine. Other normative acts are subject to judicial review. The Supreme Court of Ukraine is the main body in the system of courts of general jurisdiction.


The Constitution of Ukraine provides for trials by jury. This has not yet been implemented in practice. Moreover, some courts provided for by legislation as still in project, as is the case for, e.g., the Court of Appeals of Ukraine. The reform of the judicial branch is presently under way.
Important is also the Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine, granted with the broad rights of control and supervision.



Local government



Administrative divisions of Ukraine are 24 oblasts (regions), with each oblast further divided into rayons (districts). The current administrative divisions remained the same as the local administrations of the Soviet Union. The heads of the oblast and rayon are appointed and dismissed by the President of Ukraine and serve as representatives of the central government in Kyiv. They govern over locally elected assemblies. This system encourages regional elites to compete fiercely for control over the central government and the position of the president.[69]



Autonomous Republic of Crimea



During 1992 a number of pro-Russian political organizations in Crimea advocated secession of Crimea and annexation to Russia. During USSR times Crimea was ceded from Russia to Ukraine in 1954 by First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev to mark the 300th anniversary of the Treaty of Pereyaslav. In July 1992, the Crimean and Ukrainian parliaments determined that Crimea would remain under Ukrainian jurisdiction while retaining significant cultural and economic autonomy, thus creating the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.


The Crimean peninsula—while under Ukraininan sovereignty, served as site for major military bases of both Ukrainian and Russian forces, and was heavily populated by ethnic Russians.


In early 2014, Ukraine's pro-Russian president, Viktor Yanukovich, was ousted by Ukraininans over his refusal to ally Ukraine with the European Union, rather than Russia. In response, Russia invaded Crimea in February 2014 and occupied it.


In March, 2014,[70] a controversial referendum was held in Crimea with 97% of voters backing joining Russia.[71]
On 18 March 2014, Russia and the new, self-proclaimed Republic of Crimea signed a treaty of accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol in the Russian Federation. In response, the UN General Assembly passed non-binding resolution 68/262 declaring the referendum invalid, and officially supporting Ukraine's claim to Crimea. Although Russia administers the peninsula as two federal subjects, Ukraine and the majority of countries do not recognise Russia's annexation.[72][73]



International organization participation


BSEC, CE, CEI, CIS (participating), EAPC, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNMOT, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, Zangger Committee



See also



  • List of Ukrainian politicians

  • Declaration of Independence

  • Proclamation of Independence

  • Corruption in Ukraine

  • Cassette Scandal

  • Ukraine without Kuchma

  • Orange Revolution

  • Russia-Ukraine gas dispute

  • Universal of National Unity

  • 2007 Ukrainian political crisis

  • NATO-Ukrainian relations

  • Ukrainian nationalism


Center for Adaptation of Civil Service to the Standards of EU - public institution established by the Decree of Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine to facilitate administrative reform in Ukraine and to enhance the adaptation of the civil service to the standards of the European Union.



External links







  • Ukraine: State of Chaos

  • Short film: AEGEE's Election Observation Mission

  • Kupatadze, Alexander: "Similar Events, Different Outcomes: Accounting for Diverging Corruption Patterns in Post-Revolution Georgia and Ukraine" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 26



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