Grading (engineering)




This article is about earthwork. For lumber grading, see Lumber § Grades and standards.








Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade


Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope,[1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage. The earthworks created for such a purpose are often called the sub-grade or finished contouring (see diagram).




Contents






  • 1 Transportation


  • 2 Process


  • 3 Environmental design


  • 4 See also


  • 5 References


  • 6 External links





Transportation


In the case of gravel roads and earthworks for certain purposes, grading forms not just the base but the cover and surface of the finished construction, and is often called finished grade.



Process




Modern road grader


It is often done using heavy machinery like bulldozers and excavators to roughly prepare an area and then using a grader for a finer finish.



Environmental design


In the environmental design professions grading and regrading are a specifications and construction component in landscape design, landscape architecture, and architecture projects. It is used for buildings or outdoor amenities regarding foundations and footings, slope terracing and stabilizing, aesthetic contouring, and directing surface runoff drainage of stormwater and domestic/irrigation runoff flows.



See also




  • Cut (earthmoving)

  • Cut-and-cover

  • Cut and fill

  • Fill dirt


  • Grade (slope) (civil engineering and geographical term)

  • Regrading


  • Slope (mathematical term)

  • Subgrade

  • Trench








References





  1. ^ "Grade.1.". def. 2. Whitney, William Dwight, and Benjamin E. Smith. The Century dictionary and cyclopedia vol.3. New York: Century Co., 1901. 2589. Print.





External links



  • Matusik, John. "Grading and Earthworks" in The Land Development Handbook, 2004.


  • Gravel Roads Construction and Maintenance Guide, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the South Dakota Local Technical Assistance Program (SDLTAP), 2015.


  • "How to Grade Gravel Roads" in Gravel Roads, Soil Stabilization, Soil-Sement® by Frank Elswick, 2017.


  • Recommended Practices Manual: A Guideline for Maintenance and Service of Unpaved Roads, Choctawhatchee, Pea and Yellow Rivers Watershed Management Authority, 2000.














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