Federal subjects of Russia







































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The federal subjects of Russia, also referred to as the subjects of the Russian Federation (Russian: субъекты Российской Федерации, subyekty Rossiyskoy Federatsii) or simply as the subjects of the federation (Russian: субъекты федерации subyekty federatsii), are the constituent entities of Russia, its top-level political divisions according to the Constitution of Russia.[1] Since March 18, 2014, the Russian Federation constitutionally has consisted of 85 federal subjects,[2] although the two most recently added subjects are recognized by most states as part of Ukraine.[3][4]


According to the Russian Constitution, the Russian Federation consists of republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal importance, an autonomous oblast and autonomous okrugs, all of which are equal subjects of the Russian Federation.[5] Three Russian cities of federal importance (Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Sevastopol) have a status of both city and separate federal subject which comprises other cities and towns (Zelenograd, Troitsk, Kronstadt, Kolpino, etc.) within each federal city—keeping older structures of postal addresses. In 1993 the Russian Federation comprised 89 federal subjects. By 2008 the number of federal subjects had decreased to 83 because of several mergers. In 2014 Sevastopol and the Republic of Crimea became the 84th and 85th federal subjects of Russia.


Every federal subject has its own head, a parliament, and a constitutional court. Each federal subject has its own constitution and legislation. Subjects have equal rights in relations with federal government bodies.[6][7] The federal subjects have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly. They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy (asymmetric federalism).


Post-Soviet Russia formed during the history of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic within the USSR and didn't change at the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. In 1992 during so-called "parade of sovereignties", separatist sentiments and the War of Laws within Russia, the Russian regions signed the Federation Treaty (Russian: Федеративный договор Federativny Dogovor),[8] establishing and regulating the current inner composition of Russia, based on the division of authorities and powers among Russian government bodies and government bodies of constituent entities. The Federation Treaty was included in the text of the 1978 Constitution of the Russian SFSR.[citation needed] The current Constitution of Russia, adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993, came into force on December 25, 1993 and abolished the model of the Soviet system of government introduced in 1918 by Vladimir Lenin and based on the right to secede from the country and on unlimited sovereignty of federal subjects (in practice it[clarification needed] was never allowed), which conflicts with country's integrity and federal laws. The new constitution eliminated a number of legal conflicts, reserved the rights of the regions, introduced local self-government and didn't grant the Soviet-era right to secede from the country. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the political system became de jure closer to other modern federal states with a republican form of government in the world.[citation needed] In the 2000s, following the policy of Vladimir Putin and of the United Russia party (dominant party in all federal subjects), the Russian parliament changed the distribution of tax revenues, reduced the number of elections in the regions and gave more power to the federal authorities.


There are several groupings of Russian regions:



  • Federal subjects should not be confused with the eight federal districts which are not subdivisions of Russia — the federal districts are much larger and each encompasses many federal subjects. Federal districts were created by Executive Order of the President of Russia especially for presidential envoys.


  • Time zones are defined by the Order of the federal government.

  • The composition of judicial districts is defined by the federal law "On arbitration courts".


  • Economic regions are administered by the Ministry of Economic Development.

  • The Ministry of Defense uses the terminology of Military districts.




Contents






  • 1 Terminology


  • 2 Types


  • 3 List


  • 4 Lists of federal subjects


  • 5 Mergers, splits and internal territorial changes


  • 6 See also


  • 7 References


    • 7.1 Notes


    • 7.2 Sources







Terminology


An official government translation of the Constitution of Russia in Article 5 states: "1. The Russian Federation shall consist of republics, krays, oblasts, cities of federal significance, an autonomous oblast and autonomous okrugs, which shall have equal rights as constituent entities of the Russian Federation."[9]


Another translation of the Constitution of Russia gives for article 65: "The Russian Federation includes the following subjects of the Russian Federation:".[10]


How to translate the Russian term was discussed during the 49th annual American Translators Association conference in Orlando, in which Tom Fennel, a freelance translator, argued that the term "constituent entity of the Russian Federation" should be preferred to "subject".[11] This recommendation is also shared by Tamara Nekrasova, Head of Translation Department, Goltsblat BLP, who in her "Traps & Mishaps in Legal Translation" presentation in Paris stated that "constituent entity of the Russian Federation is more appropriate than subject of the Russian Federation (subject would be OK for a monarchy)".[12]



































































Rank (as given in constitution and ISO)
Russian (Cyrillic)
Russian (Latin)
English – official translation of the constitution [13]
English – unofficial translation of the constitution[10]

ISO 3166-2:RU (ISO 3166-2 Newsletter II-2 (2010-06-30))
N/A

субъект Российской Федерации
subʺyekt Rossiyskoy Federatsii
constituent entity of the Russian Federation
subject of the Russian Federation
(not mentioned)
1

республика
respublika
republic
republic
republic
2

край
kray
kray
territory
administrative territory
3

область
oblastʹ
oblast
region
administrative region
4

город федерального значения
gorod federalʹnogo znacheniya
city of federal significance
city of federal importance
autonomous city
(the Russian term used in ISO 3166-2 is автономный город avtonomnyy gorod)
5

автономная область
avtonomnaya oblastʹ
autonomous oblast
autonomous region
autonomous region
6

автономный округ
avtonomnyy okrug
autonomous okrug
autonomous area
autonomous district


Types


Federal subjects of Russia.

Each federal subject belongs to one of the following types:































Legend
Description


  46 oblasts

The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after their administrative centres.


  22 republics

Nominally[citation needed] autonomous, each has its own constitution and legislature; is represented by the federal government in international affairs; is meant to be home to a specific ethnic minority.


  9 krais

Essentially the same as oblasts. The title "krai" ("frontier" or "territory") is historic, related to geographic (frontier) position in a certain period of history. The current krais are not related to frontiers.


  4 autonomous okrugs

With a substantial or predominant ethnic minority.


  3 federal cities

Major cities that function as separate regions.


  1 autonomous oblast

The only autonomous oblast is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.






List























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Code Name Capital/Administrative centre[a]
Flag Coat
of arms
Federal district Economic region Area
(km2)[14]
Population
[15]
Year
established
 
01

Adygea, Republic of

Maykop

Flag of Adygea.svg

Coat of arms of Adygea.svg

Southern

North Caucasus
7,600
447,109
1922
02

Bashkortostan, Republic of

Ufa

Flag of Bashkortostan.svg

Coat of Arms of Bashkortostan.svg

Volga

Ural
143,600
4,104,336
1919
03

Buryatia, Republic of

Ulan-Ude

Flag of Buryatia.svg

Coat of Arms of Buryatia.svg

Far Eastern

East Siberian
351,300
981,238
1923
04

Altai Republic

Gorno-Altaysk

Flag of Altai Republic.svg

Coat of Arms of Altai Republic.svg

Siberian

West Siberian
92,600
202,947
1922
05

Dagestan, Republic of

Makhachkala

Flag of Dagestan.svg

Coat of Arms of Dagestan.svg

North Caucasian

North Caucasus
50,300
2,576,531
1921
06

Ingushetia, Republic of

Magas
(Largest city: Nazran)

Flag of Ingushetia.svg

Coat of Arms of Ingushetia.svg

North Caucasian

North Caucasus
4,000
467,294
1992
07

Kabardino-Balkar Republic

Nalchik

Flag of Kabardino-Balkaria.svg

Coat of Arms of Kabardino-Balkaria.svg

North Caucasian

North Caucasus
12,500
901,494
1936
08

Kalmykia, Republic of

Elista

Flag of Kalmykia.svg

Coat of Arms of Kalmykia.svg

Southern

Volga
76,100
292,410
1957
09

Karachay-Cherkess Republic

Cherkessk

Flag of Karachay-Cherkessia.svg

Coat of Arms of Karachay-Cherkessia.svg

North Caucasian

North Caucasus
14,100
439,470
1957
10

Karelia, Republic of

Petrozavodsk

Flag of Karelia.svg

Coat of Arms of Republic of Karelia.svg

Northwestern

Northern
172,400
716,281
1956
11

Komi Republic

Syktyvkar

Flag of Komi.svg

Coat of Arms of the Komi Republic.svg

Northwestern

Northern
415,900
1,018,674
1921
12

Mari El Republic

Yoshkar-Ola

Flag of Mari El.svg

Coat of Arms of Mari El.svg

Volga

Volga-Vyatka
23,200
727,979
1920
13

Mordovia, Republic of

Saransk

Flag of Mordovia.svg

Coat of Arms of Mordovia.svg

Volga

Volga-Vyatka
26,200
888,766
1930
14

Sakha (Yakutia) Republic

Yakutsk

Flag of Sakha.svg

Coat of Arms of Sakha (Yakutia).svg

Far Eastern

Far Eastern
3,103,200
949,280
1922
15

North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of

Vladikavkaz

Flag of North Ossetia.svg

Wapen Ossetien.svg

North Caucasian

North Caucasus
8,000
710,275
1924
16

Tatarstan, Republic of

Kazan

Flag of Tatarstan.svg

Coat of Arms of Tatarstan.svg

Volga

Volga
68,000
3,779,265
1920
17

Tuva Republic

Kyzyl

Flag of Tuva.svg

Coat of arms of Tuva.svg

Siberian

East Siberian
170,500
305,510
1944
18

Udmurt Republic

Izhevsk

Flag of Udmurtia.svg

Coat of arms of Udmurtia.svg

Volga

Ural
42,100
1,570,316
1920
19

Khakassia, Republic of

Abakan

Flag of Khakassia.svg

Coat of arms of Khakassia.svg

Siberian

East Siberian
61,900
546,072
1930
20

Chechen Republic

Grozny

Flag of the Chechen Republic.svg

Coat of arms of Chechnya.svg

North Caucasian

North Caucasus
15,300
1,103,686
1991
21

Chuvash Republic

Cheboksary

Flag of Chuvashia.svg

Coat of Arms of Chuvashia.svg

Volga

Volga-Vyatka
18,300
1,313,754
1920
22

Altai Krai

Barnaul

Flag of Altai Krai.svg

Coat of Arms of Altai Krai.svg

Siberian

West Siberian
169,100
2,607,426
1937
75

Zabaykalsky Krai

Chita

Flag of Zabaykalsky Krai.svg

Coat of arms of Zabaykalsky Krai.svg

Far Eastern

East Siberian
431,500
1,155,346
2008
41

Kamchatka Krai

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

Flag of Kamchatka Krai.svg

Coat of Arms of Kamchatka Krai.svg

Far Eastern

Far Eastern
472,300
358,801
2007
23

Krasnodar Krai

Krasnodar

Flag of Krasnodar Krai.svg

Coat of Arms of Krasnodar Kray.svg

Southern

North Caucasus
76,000
5,125,221
1937
24

Krasnoyarsk Krai

Krasnoyarsk

Flag of Krasnoyarsk Krai.svg

Coat of arms of Krasnoyarsk Krai.svg

Siberian

East Siberian
2,339,700
2,966,042
1934
59

Perm Krai

Perm

Flag of Perm Krai.svg

Coat of Arms of Perm Krai.svg

Volga

Ural
160,600
2,819,421
2005
25

Primorsky Krai

Vladivostok

Flag of Primorsky Krai.svg

Coat of arms of Primorsky Krai.svg

Far Eastern

Far Eastern
165,900
2,071,210
1938
26

Stavropol Krai

Stavropol

Flag of Stavropol Krai.svg

Coat of arms of Stavropol Krai.svg

North Caucasian

North Caucasus
66,500
2,735,139
1934
27

Khabarovsk Krai

Khabarovsk

Flag of Khabarovsk Krai.svg

Coat of Arms of Khabarovsky kray (N2).png

Far Eastern

Far Eastern
788,600
1,436,570
1938
28

Amur Oblast

Blagoveshchensk

Flag of Amur Oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Amur oblast.png

Far Eastern

Far Eastern
363,700
902,844
1932
29

Arkhangelsk Oblast

Arkhangelsk

Flag of Arkhangelsk Oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Arkhangelsk oblast.svg

Northwestern

Northern
587,400
1,336,539
1937
30

Astrakhan Oblast

Astrakhan

Flag of Astrakhan Oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Astrakhan Oblast.svg

Southern

Volga
44,100
1,005,276
1943
31

Belgorod Oblast

Belgorod

Flag of Belgorod Oblast.svg

New Coat of Arms of Belgorod Oblast.svg

Central

Central Black Earth
27,100
1,511,620
1954
32

Bryansk Oblast

Bryansk

Flag of Bryansk Oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Bryansk Oblast.svg

Central

Central
34,900
1,378,941
1944
33

Vladimir Oblast

Vladimir

Flag of Vladimirskaya Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Vladimiri Oblast.svg

Central

Central
29,000
1,523,990
1944
34

Volgograd Oblast

Volgograd

Flag of Volgograd Oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Volgograd oblast.svg

Southern

Volga
113,900
2,699,223
1937
35

Vologda Oblast

Vologda
(Largest city: Cherepovets)

Flag of Vologda oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Vologda oblast.svg

Northwestern

Northern
145,700
1,269,568
1937
36

Voronezh Oblast

Voronezh

Flag of Voronezh Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Voronezh Oblast.svg

Central

Central Black Earth
52,400
2,378,803
1934
37

Ivanovo Oblast

Ivanovo

Flag of Ivanovo Oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Ivanovo Oblast.svg

Central

Central
21,800
1,148,329
1936
38

Irkutsk Oblast

Irkutsk

Flag of Irkutsk Oblast.svg

Герб Иркутской области.svg

Siberian

East Siberian
767,900
2,581,705
1937
39

Kaliningrad Oblast

Kaliningrad

Flag of Kaliningrad Oblast.svg

Kaliningrad Oblast Coat of Arms 2006.svg

Northwestern

Kaliningrad
15,100
955,281
1946
40

Kaluga Oblast

Kaluga

Flag of Kaluga Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Kaluga Oblast.svg

Central

Central
29,900
1,041,641
1944
42

Kemerovo Oblast

Kemerovo
(Largest city: Novokuznetsk)

Flag of Kemerovo oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Kemerovo Oblast.svg

Siberian

West Siberian
95,500
2,899,142
1943
43

Kirov Oblast

Kirov

Flag of Kirov Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Kirov Region.svg

Volga

Volga-Vyatka
120,800
1,503,529
1934
44

Kostroma Oblast

Kostroma

Flag of Kostroma Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Kostroma Oblast.svg

Central

Central
60,100
736,641
1944
45

Kurgan Oblast

Kurgan

Flag of Kurgan Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Kurgan Oblast.svg

Ural

Ural
71,000
1,019,532
1943
46

Kursk Oblast

Kursk

Flag of Kursk Oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Kursk oblast.svg

Central

Central Black Earth
29,800
1,235,091
1934
47

Leningrad Oblast
Largest city: Gatchina[b]

Flag of Leningrad Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Leningrad Oblast.svg

Northwestern

Northwestern
84,500
1,669,205
1927
48

Lipetsk Oblast

Lipetsk

Flag of Lipetsk Oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Lipetsk oblast.svg

Central

Central Black Earth
24,100
1,213,499
1954
49

Magadan Oblast

Magadan

Flag of Magadan Oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Magadan oblast.svg

Far Eastern

Far Eastern
461,400
182,726
1953
50

Moscow Oblast
Largest city: Balashikha[c]

Flag of Moscow oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Moscow oblast.svg

Central

Central
44,300[16]
6,618,538
1929
51

Murmansk Oblast

Murmansk

Flag of Murmansk Oblast.svg

Герб Мурманской области.svg

Northwestern

Northern
144,900
892,534
1938
52

Nizhny Novgorod Oblast

Nizhny Novgorod

Flag of Nizhny Novgorod Region.svg

Coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod Region.svg

Volga

Volga-Vyatka
76,900
3,524,028
1936
53

Novgorod Oblast

Veliky Novgorod

Flag of Novgorod Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Novgorod Oblast.svg

Northwestern

Northwestern
55,300
694,355
1944
54

Novosibirsk Oblast

Novosibirsk

Flag of Novosibirsk oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Novosibirsk oblast.svg

Siberian

West Siberian
178,200
2,692,251
1937
55

Omsk Oblast

Omsk

Flag of Omsk Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Omsk Oblast.svg

Siberian

West Siberian
139,700
2,079,220
1934
56

Orenburg Oblast

Orenburg

Flag of Orenburg Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Orenburg Oblast.svg

Volga

Ural
124,000
2,179,551
1934
57

Oryol Oblast

Oryol

Flag of Oryol Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Oryol Oblast (small).svg

Central

Central
24,700
860,262
1937
58

Penza Oblast

Penza

Flag of Penza Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Penza Oblast.svg

Volga

Volga
43,200
1,452,941
1939
60

Pskov Oblast

Pskov

Flag of Pskov Oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Pskov Oblast.svg

Northwestern

Northwestern
55,300
760,810
1944
61

Rostov Oblast

Rostov-on-Don

Flag of Rostov Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Rostov Oblast.svg

Southern

North Caucasus
100,800
4,404,013
1937
62

Ryazan Oblast

Ryazan

Flag of Ryazan Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Ryazan Oblast.svg

Central

Central
39,600
1,227,910
1937
63

Samara Oblast

Samara

Flag of Samara Oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Samara oblast.png

Volga

Volga
53,600
3,239,737
1928
64

Saratov Oblast

Saratov

Flag of Saratov Oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Saratov oblast.svg

Volga

Volga
100,200
2,668,310
1936
65

Sakhalin Oblast

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Flag of Sakhalin Oblast.svg

Sakhalin Oblast Coat of Arms.svg

Far Eastern

Far Eastern
87,100
546,695
1947
66

Sverdlovsk Oblast

Yekaterinburg

Flag of Sverdlovsk Oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Sverdlovsk oblast.svg

Ural

Ural
194,800
4,486,214
1935
67

Smolensk Oblast

Smolensk

Flag of Smolensk oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Smolensk oblast.svg

Central

Central
49,800
1,049,574
1937
68

Tambov Oblast

Tambov

Flag of Tambov Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Tambov Oblast.svg

Central

Central Black Earth
34,300
1,178,443
1937
69

Tver Oblast

Tver

Flag of Tver Oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Tver oblast.svg

Central

Central
84,100
1,471,459
1935
70

Tomsk Oblast

Tomsk

Flag of Tomsk Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Tomsk Oblast, Russia.svg

Siberian

West Siberian
316,900
1,046,039
1944
71

Tula Oblast

Tula

Flag of Tula Oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Tula oblast.png

Central

Central
25,700
1,675,758
1937
72

Tyumen Oblast

Tyumen

Flag of Tyumen Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Tyumen Oblast.svg

Ural

West Siberian
1,435,200
3,264,841
1944
73

Ulyanovsk Oblast

Ulyanovsk

Flag of Ulyanovsk Oblast.svg

Coat of Arms of Ulyanovsk Oblast.png

Volga

Volga
37,300
1,382,811
1943
74

Chelyabinsk Oblast

Chelyabinsk

Flag of Chelyabinsk Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Chelyabinsk Oblast.svg

Ural

Ural
87,900
3,603,339
1934
76

Yaroslavl Oblast

Yaroslavl

Flag of Yaroslavl Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of Yaroslavl Oblast.svg

Central

Central
36,400
1,367,398
1936
77

Moscow


Flag of Moscow.svg

Coat of Arms of Moscow.svg

Central

Central
2,511
10,382,754

78

Saint Petersburg


Flag of Saint Petersburg Russia.svg

Coat of Arms of Saint Petersburg (2003).svg

Northwestern

Northwestern
1,439
4,662,547

79

Jewish Autonomous Oblast

Birobidzhan

Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.svg

Coat of arms of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.svg

Far Eastern

Far Eastern
36,000
190,915
1934
83

Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Naryan-Mar

Flag of Nenets Autonomous District.svg

Coat of arms of Nenets Autonomous Okrug.svg

Northwestern

Northern
176,700
41,546
1929
86

Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra

Khanty-Mansiysk
(Largest city: Surgut)

Flag of Yugra.svg

Coat of Arms of Yugra.svg

Ural

West Siberian
523,100
1,432,817
1930
87

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Anadyr

Flag of Chukotka.svg

Coat of Arms of Chukotka.svg

Far Eastern

Far Eastern
737,700
53,824
1930
89

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Salekhard
(Largest city: Noyabrsk)

Flag of Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District.svg

Coat of Arms of Yamal Nenetsia.svg

Ural

West Siberian
750,300
507,006
1930
82

Crimea, Republic of[d]

Simferopol

Flag of Crimea.svg

Emblem of Crimea.svg

Southern[17][18]

North Caucasus
26,964[19]
1,966,801[20]
2014
92

Sevastopol[d]


Flag of Sevastopol.svg

COA of Sevastopol.svg

Southern[17][18]

North Caucasus
864[21]
379,200[21]
2014

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a. ^ The largest city is also listed when it is different from the capital/administrative center.

b. ^ According to Article 13 of the Charter of Leningrad Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of St. Petersburg. However, St. Petersburg is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast.


c. ^ According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast.


d. ^ Not recognized internationally as a part of Russia.


e. ^ In February 2000, the former code of 20 for the Chechen Republic was cancelled and replaced with code 95. License plate production was suspended due to the Chechen Wars, causing numerous issues, which in turn forced the region to use a new code.




Lists of federal subjects



  • List of federal subjects of Russia by GRP

  • List of federal subjects of Russia by incidence of substance abuse

  • List of federal subjects of Russia by GDP per capita

  • List of federal subjects of Russia by murder rate

  • List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy

  • List of federal subjects of Russia by population

  • List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate

  • List of federal subjects of Russia by Human Development Index

  • List of federal subjects of Russia by unemployment rate

  • Regional parliaments of Russia

  • List of current heads of federal subjects of Russia

  • Forest cover by federal subject in Russia

  • ISO 3166-2:RU



Mergers, splits and internal territorial changes




Map of the federal subjects of Russia highlighting those that merged in the first decade of the 21st century (in yellow), and those whose merger has been discussed in the same decade (in orange)


Starting in 2005, some of the federal subjects were merged into larger territories. In this process, six very sparsely populated subjects (comprising in total 0.3% of the population of Russia) were integrated into more populated subjects, with the hope that the economic development of those territories would benefit from the much larger means of their neighbours. The merging process was finished on 1 March 2008. No new mergers have been planned since March 2008. The six territories became "administrative-territorial regions with special status". They have large proportions of minorities, with Russians being a majority only in three of them. Four of those territories have a second official language in addition to Russian: Buryat (in two of the merged territories), Komi-Permian, Koryak. This is an exception: all the other official languages of Russia (other than Russian) are set by the Constitutions of its constituent Republics (Mordovia, Chechnya, Dagestan etc.). The status of the "administrative-territorial regions with special status" has been a subject of criticism because it does not appear in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

























































Date of referendum
Date of merger
Original entities
Original codes
New code
Original entities
New entity
2003-12-07
2005-12-01
1, 1a
59 (1), 81 (1a)
90

Perm Oblast (1) + Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug (1a)

Perm Krai
2005-04-17
2007-01-01
2, 2a, 2b
24 (2), 88 (2a), 84 (2b)
24

Krasnoyarsk Krai (2) + Evenk Autonomous Okrug (2a) + Taymyr Autonomous Okrug (2b)

Krasnoyarsk Krai
2005-10-23
2007-07-01
3, 3a
41 (3), 82 (3a)
91

Kamchatka Oblast (3) + Koryak Autonomous Okrug (3a)

Kamchatka Krai
2006-04-16
2008-01-01
4, 4a
38 (4), 85 (4a)
38

Irkutsk Oblast (4) + Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug (4a)

Irkutsk Oblast
2007-03-11
2008-03-01
5, 5a
75 (5), 80 (5a)
92

Chita Oblast (5) + Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (5a)

Zabaykalsky Krai

In addition to those six territories that entirely ceased to be subjects of the Russian Federation and were downgraded to territories with special status, another three subjects have a status of subject but are simultaneously part of a more populated subject:




  • Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2010 population of 42090) is a subject since 1993, but is also, according to its Constitution, a part of Arkhangelsk Oblast


  • Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug obtained autonomy in 1977, but is simultaneously part of Tyumen Oblast


  • Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug obtained the status of subject in 1992 (after obtaining autonomy in 1977), but is also part of Tyumen Oblast.


With an estimated population of 49348 as of 2018, Chukotka is currently the least populated subject of Russia that is not part of a more populated subject. It was separated from Magadan Oblast in 1993. Chukotka is one of the richest subjects of Russia (with a GRP per capita equivalent to that of Australia) and therefore does not fit in the pattern of merging a subject to benefit from the economic dynamism of the neighbour.


In 1992, Ingushetia separated from Chechnya, both to stay away from the growing violence in Chechnya and as a bid to obtain the Eastern part of Northern Ossetia (it did not work: the Chechen conflict spread violence to Ingushetia, and North Ossetia retained its Prigorodny District). Those two Muslim republics, populated in vast majority (95%+) by closely related Vainakh people, speaking Vainakhish languages, remain the two poorest subjects of Russia, with the GRP per capita of Ingushetia being equivalent to that of Iraq. According to 2016 statistics, however they are also the safest regions of Russia, and also have the lowest alcohol consumption, with alcohol poisoning at least 40 times lower than the national average.[22][23]


Until 1994, Sokolsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast was part of Ivanovo Oblast.


In 2011-2012, the territory of Moscow increased by 140% (to 2511 km²) by acquiring part of Moscow Oblast.


In 2016, Russian senators suggested two new possible mergers (not appearing on the above map), but with no active step taken so far.



See also



  • Subdivisions of Russia

  • Federal districts of Russia

  • Economic regions of Russia

  • History of the administrative division of Russia

  • Flags of the federal subjects of Russia

  • Republics of the Soviet Union

  • Flags of the Soviet Republics



References



Notes





  1. ^ "The Constitution of the Russian Federation: Chapter 3, The Federal Structure". Retrieved 2013-04-28..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "Constitution of the Russian Federation". Russian Presidential Executive Office. Retrieved 2013-04-28.


  3. ^ Kremlin.ru. Договор между Российской Федерацией и Республикой Крым о принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов (Treaty Between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea on Ascension to the Russian Federation of the Republic of Crimea and on Establishment of New Subjects Within the Russian Federation) (in Russian)


  4. ^ Steve Gutterman and Pavel Polityuk (March 18, 2014). "Putin signs Crimea treaty as Ukraine serviceman dies in attack". Reuters. Retrieved May 7, 2016.


  5. ^ "Chapter 1. The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System - The Constitution of the Russian Federation". Retrieved May 7, 2016.


  6. ^ "Конституция Российской Федерации". Retrieved May 7, 2016.


  7. ^ Chapter 1. The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System | The Constitution of the Russian Federation. Constitution.ru. Retrieved on 2013-08-20.


  8. ^ This treaty consisted of three treaties, see also Concluding and Transitional Provisions: [1] [2]


  9. ^ http://archive.government.ru/eng/gov/base/54.html (accessed="2014-10-17")


  10. ^ ab "Chapter 3. The Federal Structure - The Constitution of the Russian Federation". Retrieved May 7, 2016.


  11. ^ SlavFile Archive | Slavic Languages Division Archived August 3, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Ata-divisions.org. Retrieved on 2013-08-20.


  12. ^ http://eulita.eu/sites/default/files/Tammy_presentation.pdf[permanent dead link]


  13. ^ "Official Website of the Government of the Russian Federation / The Russian Government". Retrieved May 7, 2016.


  14. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-04-18.


  15. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-06-23.


  16. ^ "1.1. ОСНОВНЫЕ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ в 2014 г." [MAIN SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS 2014]. Regions of Russia. Socioeconomic indicators - 2015 (in Russian). Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 26 July 2016.


  17. ^ ab "Crimea becomes part of vast Southern federal district of Russia". Retrieved 2016-07-29.


  18. ^ ab "В России создан Крымский федеральный округ". RBC. March 21, 2014.


  19. ^ "Autonomous Republic of Crimea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Retrieved 2014-03-25.


  20. ^ "Population as of February 1, 2014. Average annual populations January 2014". ukrstat.gov.ua. Retrieved 2015-10-18.


  21. ^ ab "A General data of the region". Sevastopol City State Administration. Archived from the original on February 11, 2014. Retrieved April 7, 2014.


  22. ^ [3][4]


  23. ^ [5]




Sources



  • 12 декабря 1993 г. «Конституция Российской Федерации», в ред. Федерального конституционного закона №7-ФКЗ от 30 декабря 2008 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская газета", №237, 25 декабря 1993 г. (December 12, 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation, as amended by the Federal Constitutional Law #7-FKZ of December 30, 2008. Effective as of the official publication date.).












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