Tyne and Wear
| Tyne and Wear | |
|---|---|
| County | |
 | |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Constituent country | England |
| Region | North East England |
| Established | 1974 (Local Government Act 1972) Created from the five county boroughs within Northumberland (North of Tyne) and County Durham (South of Tyne) |
| Ceremonial county | |
| Area | 538 km2 (208 sq mi) |
| • Ranked | 44th of 48 |
| Population (mid-2017 est.) | 1,129,500 |
| • Ranked | 16th of 48 |
| Density | 2,091/km2 (5,420/sq mi) |
| Ethnicity | 2011:[1] 91.49% White British 4.10% Asian 1.98% Other White 0.97% Mixed 0.78% Black 0.67% Other |
| Metropolitan county | |
| Area | 538 km2 (208 sq mi) |
| ONS code | 2D |
| NUTS | UKC22/23 |
 Districts of Tyne and Wear | |
| Districts |
|
| Members of Parliament |
|
| Time zone | Greenwich Mean Time (UTC) |
| • Summer (DST) | British Summer Time (UTC+1) |
Tyne and Wear (/taɪn/ /wɪər/) is a metropolitan county in the North East region of England around the mouths of the rivers Tyne and Wear. It came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. It consists of the five metropolitan boroughs of South Tyneside, North Tyneside, City of Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and City of Sunderland. It is bounded on the east by the North Sea, and has borders with Northumberland to the north and County Durham to the south.
Prior to the 1974 reforms, the territory now covered by the county of Tyne and Wear straddled the border between the counties of Northumberland and Durham, the border being marked by the river Tyne; that territory also included five county boroughs.
Tyne and Wear County Council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts (the metropolitan boroughs) are now unitary authorities. However, the metropolitan county continues to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference,[2][3][4] and as a ceremonial county.
Contents
1 History
2 Local government
3 Climate & Environment
3.1 Green belt
4 Politics
5 Settlements
6 Places of interest
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History
The Local Government Act 1888 constituted Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and Sunderland as county boroughs (Newcastle had "county corporate" status as the "County and Town of Newcastle upon Tyne" since 1400). Tynemouth joined them in 1904. Between the county boroughs, various other settlements also formed part of the administrative counties of Durham and of Northumberland.
The need to reform local government on Tyneside was recognised by the government as early as 1935, when a Royal Commission to Investigate the Conditions of Local Government on Tyneside was appointed.[5] The three commissioners were to
examine the system of local government in the areas of local government north and south of the river Tyne from the sea to the boundary of the Rural District of Castle Ward and Hexham in the County of Northumberland and to the Western boundary of the County of Durham, to consider what changes, if any, should be made in the existing arrangements with a view to securing greater economy and efficiency, and to make recommendations.
The report of the Royal Commission, published in 1937,[6] recommended the establishment of a Regional Council for Northumberland and Tyneside (to be called the "Northumberland Regional Council") to administer services that needed to be exercised over a wide area, with a second tier of smaller units for other local-government purposes. The second-tier units would form by amalgamating the various existing boroughs and districts. The county boroughs in the area would lose their status. Within this area, a single municipality would be formed covering the four county boroughs of Newcastle, Gateshead, Tynemouth, South Shields and other urban districts and boroughs.[7]
A minority report proposed amalgamation of Newcastle, Gateshead, Wallsend, Jarrow, Felling, Gosforth, Hebburn and Newburn into a single "county borough of Newcastle-on-Tyneside". The 1937 proposals never came into operation: local authorities could not agree on a scheme and the legislation of the time did not allow central government to compel one.[8]
Tyneside (excluding Sunderland) was a Special Review Area under the Local Government Act 1958. The Local Government Commission for England came back with a recommendation to create a new county of Tyneside based on the review area, divided into four separate boroughs. This was not implemented. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed a Tyneside unitary authority, again excluding Sunderland, which would have set up a separate East Durham unitary authority.
The White Paper that led to the Local Government Act 1972 proposed as "area 2" a metropolitan county including Newcastle and Sunderland, extending as far south down the coast as Seaham and Easington, and bordering "area 4" (which would become Cleveland). The Bill as presented in November 1971 pruned back the southern edge of the area, and gave it the name "Tyneside". The name "Tyneside" proved controversial on Wearside, and a government amendment changed the name to "Tyne and Wear" at the request of Sunderland County Borough Council.[9]
post-1974 | pre-1974 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metropolitan county | Metropolitan borough | County boroughs | Non-county boroughs | Urban districts | Rural districts |
 Tyne and Wear amalgamates 24 former local government districts, including five county boroughs. | Gateshead | Gateshead | - | Blaydon • Felling • Ryton • Whickham | Chester-le-Street |
Newcastle upon Tyne | Newcastle upon Tyne | - | Gosforth • Newburn | Castle Ward | |
North Tyneside | Tynemouth | Wallsend • Whitley Bay | Longbenton • Seaton Valley | - | |
South Tyneside | South Shields | Jarrow | Boldon • Hebburn | - | |
Sunderland | Sunderland | - | Washington • Houghton-le-Spring • Hetton-le-Hole | Easington | |
Local government
Although the metropolitan county council was abolished in 1986, several joint bodies exist to run certain services on a county-wide basis. Most notable is the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Authority, which co-ordinates transport policy. Through its passenger transport executive, known as Nexus, it owns and operates the Tyne and Wear Metro light rail system, and the Shields ferry service and the Tyne Tunnel, linking communities on either side of the River Tyne. Also through Nexus, the authority subsidises socially necessary transport services (including taxis) and operates a concessionary fares scheme for the elderly and disabled. The Passenger Transport Authority is a "precepting authority", raising funds by imposing a levy on the Council Tax of the five constituent authorities of Tyne and Wear. In April 2014 Nexus became an executive body of the new North East Combined Authority.
Other joint bodies include the Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service and Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums, which was created from the merger of the Tyne and Wear Archives Service and Tyne and Wear Museums. These joint bodies are administered by representatives of all five of the constituent councils. In addition the Northumbria Police force, which covers the whole of Northumberland and Tyne and Wear, is one of several joint forces in England spanning two or more counties. The force was created in 1974, and so is not a by-product of the abolition of the county council.
Climate & Environment
Tyne and Wear either has or closely borders two official Met Office stations, neither located in one of the major urban centres. The locations for those are in marine Tynemouth where Tyne meets the North Sea east of Newcastle and inland Durham in County Durham around 20 kilometres (12 mi) south-west of Sunderland. There are some clear differences between the stations temperature and precipitation patterns even though both have a cool-summer and mild-winter oceanic climate.
| Climate data for Tynemouth 33m asl, 1981–2010 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) | 7.3 (45.1) | 9.0 (48.2) | 10.3 (50.5) | 12.7 (54.9) | 15.6 (60.1) | 18.1 (64.6) | 18.1 (64.6) | 16.1 (61.0) | 13.2 (55.8) | 9.7 (49.5) | 6.4 (43.5) | 12.1 (53.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 2.2 (36.0) | 2.2 (36.0) | 3.3 (37.9) | 4.8 (40.6) | 7.2 (45.0) | 10.0 (50.0) | 12.3 (54.1) | 12.3 (54.1) | 10.4 (50.7) | 7.7 (45.9) | 4.9 (40.8) | 2.5 (36.5) | 6.7 (44.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 45.5 (1.79) | 37.8 (1.49) | 43.9 (1.73) | 45.4 (1.79) | 43.2 (1.70) | 51.9 (2.04) | 47.6 (1.87) | 59.6 (2.35) | 53.0 (2.09) | 53.6 (2.11) | 62.8 (2.47) | 53.9 (2.12) | 597.2 (23.51) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 61.1 | 81.6 | 117.7 | 149.9 | 191.7 | 183.0 | 185.7 | 174.9 | 174.1 | 106.2 | 70.4 | 51.9 | 1,515 |
| Source: Met Office[10] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Durham 102m asl, 1981–2010, extremes 1850– | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.7 (62.1) | 17.4 (63.3) | 21.7 (71.1) | 24.1 (75.4) | 27.8 (82.0) | 30.6 (87.1) | 31.0 (87.8) | 32.5 (90.5) | 30.0 (86.0) | 25.0 (77.0) | 19.4 (66.9) | 15.9 (60.6) | 32.5 (90.5) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) | 7.2 (45.0) | 9.5 (49.1) | 11.9 (53.4) | 15.0 (59.0) | 17.6 (63.7) | 20.1 (68.2) | 19.8 (67.6) | 17.2 (63.0) | 13.3 (55.9) | 9.4 (48.9) | 6.7 (44.1) | 12.9 (55.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) | 0.9 (33.6) | 2.3 (36.1) | 3.7 (38.7) | 6.1 (43.0) | 9.0 (48.2) | 11.1 (52.0) | 11.0 (51.8) | 9.0 (48.2) | 6.3 (43.3) | 3.4 (38.1) | 1.1 (34.0) | 5.4 (41.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −17.2 (1.0) | −18.3 (−0.9) | −15 (5) | −11.1 (12.0) | −4.4 (24.1) | −1.1 (30.0) | 1.1 (34.0) | 0.6 (33.1) | −1.1 (30.0) | −5.5 (22.1) | −8.8 (16.2) | −16.6 (2.1) | −18.3 (−0.9) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 52.3 (2.06) | 41.8 (1.65) | 44.6 (1.76) | 52.7 (2.07) | 44.2 (1.74) | 55.4 (2.18) | 54.0 (2.13) | 60.8 (2.39) | 55.4 (2.18) | 60.9 (2.40) | 72.0 (2.83) | 57.0 (2.24) | 651.1 (25.63) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 58.6 | 80.3 | 115.5 | 150.3 | 181.7 | 164.8 | 172.3 | 167.3 | 134.5 | 102.8 | 66.4 | 51.2 | 1,445.4 |
| Source #1: Met Office[11][12][13] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: NEForum[14] | |||||||||||||
Green belt
Tyne and Wear contains green belt interspersed throughout the county, mainly on the fringes of the Tyneside/Wearside conurbation. There is also an inter-urban line of belt helping to keep the districts of South Tyneside, Gateshead, and Sunderland separated. It was first drawn up from the 1950s. All the county's districts contain some portion of belt.
Politics
Tyne and Wear is divided into 13 Parliamentary constituencies. Historically, the area has been a Labour stronghold; South Shields is the only Parliamentary constituency that has never returned a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons since the Reform Act of 1832.
| General Election 2010 : Tyne and Wear | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labour | Liberal Democrats | Conservative | BNP | UKIP | Others | Green | National Front | Trade Union & Socialist | Christian Party | Turnout |
239,211 +7,338 | 106,380 +9,129 | 105,117 +30,595 | 23,740 +20,071 | 8,731 +4,876 | 3,766 +59 | 3,186 +1,932 | 599 –398 | 266 N/A | 131 N/A | 491,304 +73,971 |
| Overall Number of seats as of 2010 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labour | Liberal Democrats | Conservative | BNP | UKIP | Others | Green | National Front | Trade Union & Socialist | Christian Party |
13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
At the level of local government, three of the region's five unitary authorities were controlled by Labour in 2005, the exceptions being Newcastle City Council and North Tyneside Council. Since an upset result in the local elections of 2004, the former has been controlled by the Liberal Democrats. No one party has overall control of North Tyneside Council: while the Conservatives hold the greatest number of seats, 28, they lack an overall majority, there are 32 other councillors. North Tyneside is the only authority in the area with a directly elected Mayor. Currently a Labour member.
Settlements
Italics indicate the district centre.
For a complete list of all villages, towns and cities see the list of places in Tyne and Wear.
| Borough/City | Locality | Authority |
|---|---|---|
Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead | Gateshead Blaydon | Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council |
City of Newcastle upon Tyne | Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne - city centre Byker | Newcastle upon Tyne City Council |
Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside | Wallsend Annitsford | North Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council |
Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside | South Shields Boldon | South Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council |
City of Sunderland | Sunderland Castletown | Sunderland City Council |
Places of interest
- Gateshead
- Angel of the North
Beamish Museum, which crosses the Gateshead/Chester-le-Street boundary- BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art
- Gateshead International Stadium
- Gateshead Millennium Bridge
- Gibside
- MetroCentre
- Saltwell Park
Tanfield Railway, Sunniside (crosses boundary into Derwentside)- The Sage Gateshead
- Newcastle upon Tyne
Discovery Museum (previously Museum of Science & Engineering)- Hadrian's Wall
- Hancock Museum
Jesmond Dene public park
- Newcastle Castle Keep
- St James' Park
- Leazes Park
- Centre for Life
- Town Moor
- Tyneside cinema
- Chinatown, Newcastle
- Quayside
- Metro Radio Arena
- Laing Art Gallery
- Theatre Royal
- Northumberland Street
- Grey Street
- Grey's Monument
- The Biscuit Factory
- Tyne Bridge
- North Tyneside
Segedunum Roman Fort & Museum, Wallsend
St Mary's Island bird reserve- Tynemouth Castle
- South Tyneside
Arbeia Roman Fort & Museum, South Shields
Marsden Rock bird reserve- Souter Point Lighthouse
Bede's World, Jarrow
- Sunderland
- The Museum and Winter Gardens
- Mowbray Park
Seaburn Beach and Roker Beach- Barnes Park
- The National Glass
- Hylton Castle
- Penshaw Monument
- St. Peter's Church
- Stadium of Light
- The Empire Theatre
- Northern Gallery for Contemporary Art
See also
- List of Lord Lieutenants of Tyne and Wear
- List of High Sheriffs of Tyne and Wear
- Tyne–Wear derby
References
^ "2011 census: Ethnic group (detailed)". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Office for National Statistics Archived 23 December 2003 at the UK Government Web Archive - Gazetteer of the old and new geographies of the United Kingdom, p48. URL accessed 12 March 2007.
^ Metropolitan Counties and Districts Archived 6 June 2002 at the UK Government Web Archive, Beginners' Guide to UK Geography, Office for National Statistics, 17 September 2004. URL accessed 12 March 2007.
^ North East England Counties Archived 10 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine., The Boundary Commission for England. URL accessed 12 March 2007.
^
London Gazette, 10 May 1935
^ Local Government in the Tyneside Area (Cmd.5402)
^
Government of Tyneside : a Regional Council. The Times. 19 March 1937.
^ Local Government on Tyneside. Sir K. Wood and Report of Commission. The Times. 22 September 1937.
^
Hansard, 6 July 1972, column 909
^ "Tynemouth climate information". Met Office. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
^ "Durham climate information". Met Office. 1981–2010. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
^ "Exceptional warmth, December 2015". Met Office. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
^ Kendon, Mike; McCarthy, Mark; Jevrejeva, Svetlana; Legg, Tim (2015). "State of the UK Climate 2015" (PDF). Met Office. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
^ "Local Extremes at Durham since 1850". North East Forum. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160113082209/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/glossary/ons-geography-glossary.pdf updated version of the document in the broken link, I assume
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tyne and Wear. |
Images of Tyne and Wear at the English Heritage Archive
Tyne and Wear at Curlie
 Districts of North East England | ||
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| County Durham |
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| Northumberland |
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| Tyne and Wear |
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Teesside, North Yorkshire |
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Coordinates: 54°58′26″N 1°36′48″W / 54.974°N 1.6132°W / 54.974; -1.6132
