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Pieris
Small white (Pieris rapae)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Pieridae
Subfamily:	Pierinae
Tribe:	Pierini
Genus:	Pieris Schrank, 1801
Species
See text
Synonyms
Mancipium Hübner, [1806] Danaus Oken, 1815 Ganoris Dalman, 1816 Andropodum Hübner, 1822 Tachyptera Berge, 1842 Artogeia Verity, 1947 Talbotia Bernardi, 1958

Veined white (Pieris napi)

Pieris, the whites or garden whites, is a widespread now almost cosmopolitan genus of butterflies of the family Pieridae. The highest species diversity is in the Palearctic. Many species of this genus have caterpillars which feed on cabbage and other members of the Brassicaceae. The chemical basis of this association with a certain plant group has been studied for over 100 years, and is now known to occur via a number of biochemical adaptations to chemicals called glucosinolates in these plants. In contrast to most other insects, Pieris caterpillars are able to detoxify these chemicals, and have become so specialised that they will not eat any food without glucosinolates. The Pieris females, in turn, check for the presence of glucosinolates before laying eggs on a plant. The crop-damaging species have spread from Eurasia to most of the rest of the world (most recently to South America and Africa) and are considered pest insects almost everywhere. There are species of Pieris that are not pests, such as the North American species Pieris oleracea and Pieris virginiensis. These butterflies feed successfully only on specific native vegetation.^[1]

Some members Pieris are threatened by the rapid spread of some plants in the Brassicaceae such as the way the highly-invasive (in North America) garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata, kills the larvae of Pieris oleracea (the mustard white) and Pieris virginiensis (the Virginia white). Given the large differences between the chemicals that garlic mustard creates, versus those of mustards native to North America, it is likely that it is also lethal to other members of Pieris that are native to North America.^[2] It is listed as a suitable food plant for the Eurasian Veined white (Pieris napi). Having not evolved with garlic mustard, the aforementioned American butterflies lay eggs on it, confusing it with their host plants due to a similar odor. Just because butterflies are members of Pieris does not mean they are all capable of feeding on the same members of Brassicaceae that other members of Pieris can feed on.^[3]

The females of many Pieris butterflies are UV reflecting, while the male wings are strongly UV absorbing due to pigments in the scales.^{[citation needed]}

Species and notable subspecies

Arranged alphabetically:^[4][5]

• 
  Pieris ajaka Moore, 1865 (Kashmir)


• 
  Pieris angelika Eitschberger, 1983 – Arctic white


• 
  Pieris balcana Lorkovic, 1970 – Balkan green-veined white (southeast Europe)


• 
  Pieris bowdeni Eitschberger, 1984 (Iran, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Kopet-Dagh)


• 
  Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) – large white or large cabbage white


• 
  Pieris brassicoides Guérin-Méneville, 1849
  


• 
  Pieris bryoniae (Hübner, [1790-1793]) – dark-veined white or mountain green-veined white


• 
  Pieris canidia (Sparrman, 1768) – Indian cabbage white


• 
  Pieris cheiranthi (Hübner, 1808) – Canary Islands' large white


• 
  Pieris chumbiensis (de Nicéville, 1884) – Chumbi white


• 
  Pieris davidis Oberthür, 1876 (western and central China)


• 
  Pieris deota (de Nicéville, 1884) – Kashmir white


• 
  Pieris dubernardi Oberthür, 1884 (western China)


• 
  Pieris dulcinea (Butler, 1882) (northeastern Korea)


• 
  Pieris eitschbergeri Lukhtanov, 1996 (Kirgisien, Inner-Tienschan) may be synonym of Pieris deota (de Nicéville, [1884])
  


• 
  Pieris ergane (Geyer, [1828]) – mountain small white


• 
  Pieris erutae Poujade, 1888 (eastern Tibet, Yunnan (China))


• 
  Pieris euorientis (Verity, 1908) (Altai Mountains to central Yakutia)


• 
  Pieris extensa Poujade, 1888 (western China, Fukien, India)


• 
  Pieris krueperi Staudinger, 1860 – Krueper's small white
  
  • 
    Pieris krueperi devta (de Nicéville, 1884) – green-banded white
  
  


• 
  Pieris lama Sugiyama, 1996 (western China)


• 
  Pieris mahometana (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888) (northeastern Afghanistan and Pamirs)


• 
  Pieris mannii (Mayer, 1851) – southern small white


• 
  Pieris marginalis Scudder, 1861 – margined white
  
  • 
    Pieris marginalis reicheli Eitschberger, 1983 – Reichel's margined white
  
  


• 
  Pieris meckyae Eitschberger, 1983 – Mecky's white (Alaska) may be subspecies of Pieris marginalis
  


• 
  Pieris melete Ménétriés, 1857 – gray-veined white butterfly (northern India, and separately in China, Korea and Japan)


• 
  Pieris naganum Moore, 1884 – Naga white


• 
  Pieris napi (Linnaeus, 1758) – green-veined white or veined white


• 
  Pieris narina (Verity, 1908) (Tian-Shan)


• 
  Pieris nesis Fruhstorfer, 1909 (Japan)


• 
  Pieris ochsenheimeri (Staudinger, 1886) (mountains of central Asia)


• 
  Pieris oleracea Harris, 1829 – mustard white
  
  • 
    Pieris oleracea frigida Scudder, 1861 – Newfoundland white
  
  


• 
  Pieris persis (Verity, 1922) (Iran)


• 
  Pieris pseudorapae (Verity, [1908]) (southern Europe, Turkey and Iran)


• 
  Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) – small white or (small) cabbage white


• 
  Pieris steinigeri Eitschberger, 1984 (Weihsi (China))


• 
  Pieris tadjika Grum-Grshimailo, 1888 (Kurdistan)


• 
  Pieris virginiensis (W.H. Edwards, 1870) – West Virginia white

References

Further reading

• Glassberg, Jeffrey Butterflies through Binoculars, The West (2001)


• Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H. Butterflies of British Columbia (2001)


• James, David G. and Nunnallee, David Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies (2011)


• Pelham, Jonathan Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada (2008)


• Pyle, Robert Michael The Butterflies of Cascadia (2002)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pieris (Pieridae).

Wikispecies has information related to Pieris (Pieridae)

• Butterflies and Moths of North America


• Butterflies of America


• 
  images representing Pieris at Consortium for the Barcode of Life