Why is the ++: operator in the Scala language so strange?












3















I am using the ++: operator to get a collection of two collections, but the results I get using these two methods are inconsistent:



scala> var r = Array(1, 2)

r: Array[Int] = Array(1, 2)

scala> r ++:= Array(3)

scala> r

res28: Array[Int] = Array(3, 1, 2)



scala> Array(1, 2) ++: Array(3)

res29: Array[Int] = Array(1, 2, 3)


Why do the ++: and ++:= operators give different results?
This kind of difference does not appear with the ++ operator.



The version of Scala I am using is 2.11.8.






arrays scala collections assignment-operator







share|improve this question

























  • Another interesting effect of ++: and ++:= is that it takes the type of the result collection from the right-hand side (in case they are not both Arrays as here, stackoverflow.com/a/24338494/14955) --- for some definition of "right-hand" in the presence of ++:=.

    – Thilo
    Nov 16 '18 at 6:56


















3















I am using the ++: operator to get a collection of two collections, but the results I get using these two methods are inconsistent:



scala> var r = Array(1, 2)

r: Array[Int] = Array(1, 2)

scala> r ++:= Array(3)

scala> r

res28: Array[Int] = Array(3, 1, 2)



scala> Array(1, 2) ++: Array(3)

res29: Array[Int] = Array(1, 2, 3)


Why do the ++: and ++:= operators give different results?
This kind of difference does not appear with the ++ operator.



The version of Scala I am using is 2.11.8.






arrays scala collections assignment-operator







share|improve this question

























  • Another interesting effect of ++: and ++:= is that it takes the type of the result collection from the right-hand side (in case they are not both Arrays as here, stackoverflow.com/a/24338494/14955) --- for some definition of "right-hand" in the presence of ++:=.

    – Thilo
    Nov 16 '18 at 6:56
















3












3








3








I am using the ++: operator to get a collection of two collections, but the results I get using these two methods are inconsistent:



scala> var r = Array(1, 2)

r: Array[Int] = Array(1, 2)

scala> r ++:= Array(3)

scala> r

res28: Array[Int] = Array(3, 1, 2)



scala> Array(1, 2) ++: Array(3)

res29: Array[Int] = Array(1, 2, 3)


Why do the ++: and ++:= operators give different results?
This kind of difference does not appear with the ++ operator.



The version of Scala I am using is 2.11.8.






arrays scala collections assignment-operator







share|improve this question
















I am using the ++: operator to get a collection of two collections, but the results I get using these two methods are inconsistent:



scala> var r = Array(1, 2)

r: Array[Int] = Array(1, 2)

scala> r ++:= Array(3)

scala> r

res28: Array[Int] = Array(3, 1, 2)



scala> Array(1, 2) ++: Array(3)

res29: Array[Int] = Array(1, 2, 3)


Why do the ++: and ++:= operators give different results?
This kind of difference does not appear with the ++ operator.



The version of Scala I am using is 2.11.8.






arrays scala collections assignment-operator




arrays scala collections assignment-operator






share|improve this question















share|improve this question













share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited Nov 16 '18 at 7:36









Brian McCutchon

4,77722136




4,77722136










asked Nov 16 '18 at 6:09









xuejianbestxuejianbest

1435




1435













  • Another interesting effect of ++: and ++:= is that it takes the type of the result collection from the right-hand side (in case they are not both Arrays as here, stackoverflow.com/a/24338494/14955) --- for some definition of "right-hand" in the presence of ++:=.

    – Thilo
    Nov 16 '18 at 6:56





















  • Another interesting effect of ++: and ++:= is that it takes the type of the result collection from the right-hand side (in case they are not both Arrays as here, stackoverflow.com/a/24338494/14955) --- for some definition of "right-hand" in the presence of ++:=.

    – Thilo
    Nov 16 '18 at 6:56



















Another interesting effect of ++: and ++:= is that it takes the type of the result collection from the right-hand side (in case they are not both Arrays as here, stackoverflow.com/a/24338494/14955) --- for some definition of "right-hand" in the presence of ++:=.

– Thilo
Nov 16 '18 at 6:56







Another interesting effect of ++: and ++:= is that it takes the type of the result collection from the right-hand side (in case they are not both Arrays as here, stackoverflow.com/a/24338494/14955) --- for some definition of "right-hand" in the presence of ++:=.

– Thilo
Nov 16 '18 at 6:56














2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















6














Since it ends in a colon, ++: is right-associative. This means that Array(1, 2) ++: Array(3) is equivalent to Array(3).++:(Array(1, 2)). ++: can be thought of as "prepend the elements of the left array to the right array."



Since it's right-associative, r ++:= Array(3) desugars to r = Array(3) ++: r. This makes sense when you consider that the purpose of ++: is prepending. This desugaring holds true for any operator that ends in a colon.



If you want to append, you can use ++ (and ++=).






share|improve this answer





















  • 4





    @Thilo +:, ::, and ::: come to mind. Again, it's anything that ends in a colon.

    – Brian McCutchon
    Nov 16 '18 at 6:55






  • 2





    @Thilo: There is no such thing as an "operator" in Scala. Any method can be called without a period like this: a foo(bar, baz), and when you are passing only one argument, you can leave out the parenthesis like this: a foo bar. That's it. It's just a normal method call, and ++ is just a normal method name like foo. There are two exceptions, though, that mean that Scala actually does have "half-operators". 1) Precedence is determined by the first character of the method name. 2) Methods ending in a : are right-associative when called with operator syntax.

    – Jörg W Mittag
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:44






  • 2





    Note: this also applies to Type Constructors. So, if you have class Foo[A, B] {}, then you can of course say def foo: Foo[Int, String], but you can also say def foo: Int Foo String, and if you have class Foo_:[A, B], then Foo_:[Int, String] is the same as String Foo_: Int.

    – Jörg W Mittag
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:47








  • 1





    Ah, sorry. My bad. :: is unary, not binary. But probably someone is doing that.

    – Jörg W Mittag
    Nov 16 '18 at 10:51






  • 1





    @JörgWMittag Type constructors can be right-associative (shapeless.:: is an example), but they don't swap the order of their arguments in that case (thankfully).

    – Brian McCutchon
    Nov 16 '18 at 18:31



















1














Here colon(:) means that the function has right associativity



so, for instance coll1 ++: coll2 is similar to (coll2).++:(coll1)



Which generally means the elements of the left collection is prepended to right collection



Case-1: 



Array(1,2) ++: Array(3)

Array(3).++:Array(1,2) 

Elements of the left array is prepended to the right array 

so the result would be Array(3,1,2)


Case-2: 



 r = Array(1,2)

 r ++:= Array(3) //This could also be written as the line of code below

 r = Array(3) ++: r

   = r. ++: Array(3)

   = Array(1,2). ++: Array(3) //Elements of the left array is prepended to the right array 

 so their result would be Array(1,2,3)


Hope this solves the query
Thank you :)






share|improve this answer


























  • ++: is a method, not a function.

    – Brian McCutchon
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:52











  • Edited as per the suggestion thanks @BrianMcCutchon

    – prasanna kumar
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:54











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2 Answers
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2 Answers
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6














Since it ends in a colon, ++: is right-associative. This means that Array(1, 2) ++: Array(3) is equivalent to Array(3).++:(Array(1, 2)). ++: can be thought of as "prepend the elements of the left array to the right array."



Since it's right-associative, r ++:= Array(3) desugars to r = Array(3) ++: r. This makes sense when you consider that the purpose of ++: is prepending. This desugaring holds true for any operator that ends in a colon.



If you want to append, you can use ++ (and ++=).






share|improve this answer





















  • 4





    @Thilo +:, ::, and ::: come to mind. Again, it's anything that ends in a colon.

    – Brian McCutchon
    Nov 16 '18 at 6:55






  • 2





    @Thilo: There is no such thing as an "operator" in Scala. Any method can be called without a period like this: a foo(bar, baz), and when you are passing only one argument, you can leave out the parenthesis like this: a foo bar. That's it. It's just a normal method call, and ++ is just a normal method name like foo. There are two exceptions, though, that mean that Scala actually does have "half-operators". 1) Precedence is determined by the first character of the method name. 2) Methods ending in a : are right-associative when called with operator syntax.

    – Jörg W Mittag
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:44






  • 2





    Note: this also applies to Type Constructors. So, if you have class Foo[A, B] {}, then you can of course say def foo: Foo[Int, String], but you can also say def foo: Int Foo String, and if you have class Foo_:[A, B], then Foo_:[Int, String] is the same as String Foo_: Int.

    – Jörg W Mittag
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:47








  • 1





    Ah, sorry. My bad. :: is unary, not binary. But probably someone is doing that.

    – Jörg W Mittag
    Nov 16 '18 at 10:51






  • 1





    @JörgWMittag Type constructors can be right-associative (shapeless.:: is an example), but they don't swap the order of their arguments in that case (thankfully).

    – Brian McCutchon
    Nov 16 '18 at 18:31
















6














Since it ends in a colon, ++: is right-associative. This means that Array(1, 2) ++: Array(3) is equivalent to Array(3).++:(Array(1, 2)). ++: can be thought of as "prepend the elements of the left array to the right array."



Since it's right-associative, r ++:= Array(3) desugars to r = Array(3) ++: r. This makes sense when you consider that the purpose of ++: is prepending. This desugaring holds true for any operator that ends in a colon.



If you want to append, you can use ++ (and ++=).






share|improve this answer





















  • 4





    @Thilo +:, ::, and ::: come to mind. Again, it's anything that ends in a colon.

    – Brian McCutchon
    Nov 16 '18 at 6:55






  • 2





    @Thilo: There is no such thing as an "operator" in Scala. Any method can be called without a period like this: a foo(bar, baz), and when you are passing only one argument, you can leave out the parenthesis like this: a foo bar. That's it. It's just a normal method call, and ++ is just a normal method name like foo. There are two exceptions, though, that mean that Scala actually does have "half-operators". 1) Precedence is determined by the first character of the method name. 2) Methods ending in a : are right-associative when called with operator syntax.

    – Jörg W Mittag
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:44






  • 2





    Note: this also applies to Type Constructors. So, if you have class Foo[A, B] {}, then you can of course say def foo: Foo[Int, String], but you can also say def foo: Int Foo String, and if you have class Foo_:[A, B], then Foo_:[Int, String] is the same as String Foo_: Int.

    – Jörg W Mittag
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:47








  • 1





    Ah, sorry. My bad. :: is unary, not binary. But probably someone is doing that.

    – Jörg W Mittag
    Nov 16 '18 at 10:51






  • 1





    @JörgWMittag Type constructors can be right-associative (shapeless.:: is an example), but they don't swap the order of their arguments in that case (thankfully).

    – Brian McCutchon
    Nov 16 '18 at 18:31














6












6








6







Since it ends in a colon, ++: is right-associative. This means that Array(1, 2) ++: Array(3) is equivalent to Array(3).++:(Array(1, 2)). ++: can be thought of as "prepend the elements of the left array to the right array."



Since it's right-associative, r ++:= Array(3) desugars to r = Array(3) ++: r. This makes sense when you consider that the purpose of ++: is prepending. This desugaring holds true for any operator that ends in a colon.



If you want to append, you can use ++ (and ++=).






share|improve this answer















Since it ends in a colon, ++: is right-associative. This means that Array(1, 2) ++: Array(3) is equivalent to Array(3).++:(Array(1, 2)). ++: can be thought of as "prepend the elements of the left array to the right array."



Since it's right-associative, r ++:= Array(3) desugars to r = Array(3) ++: r. This makes sense when you consider that the purpose of ++: is prepending. This desugaring holds true for any operator that ends in a colon.



If you want to append, you can use ++ (and ++=).







share|improve this answer














share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer








edited Nov 16 '18 at 6:59

























answered Nov 16 '18 at 6:45









Brian McCutchonBrian McCutchon

4,77722136




4,77722136








  • 4





    @Thilo +:, ::, and ::: come to mind. Again, it's anything that ends in a colon.

    – Brian McCutchon
    Nov 16 '18 at 6:55






  • 2





    @Thilo: There is no such thing as an "operator" in Scala. Any method can be called without a period like this: a foo(bar, baz), and when you are passing only one argument, you can leave out the parenthesis like this: a foo bar. That's it. It's just a normal method call, and ++ is just a normal method name like foo. There are two exceptions, though, that mean that Scala actually does have "half-operators". 1) Precedence is determined by the first character of the method name. 2) Methods ending in a : are right-associative when called with operator syntax.

    – Jörg W Mittag
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:44






  • 2





    Note: this also applies to Type Constructors. So, if you have class Foo[A, B] {}, then you can of course say def foo: Foo[Int, String], but you can also say def foo: Int Foo String, and if you have class Foo_:[A, B], then Foo_:[Int, String] is the same as String Foo_: Int.

    – Jörg W Mittag
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:47








  • 1





    Ah, sorry. My bad. :: is unary, not binary. But probably someone is doing that.

    – Jörg W Mittag
    Nov 16 '18 at 10:51






  • 1





    @JörgWMittag Type constructors can be right-associative (shapeless.:: is an example), but they don't swap the order of their arguments in that case (thankfully).

    – Brian McCutchon
    Nov 16 '18 at 18:31














  • 4





    @Thilo +:, ::, and ::: come to mind. Again, it's anything that ends in a colon.

    – Brian McCutchon
    Nov 16 '18 at 6:55






  • 2





    @Thilo: There is no such thing as an "operator" in Scala. Any method can be called without a period like this: a foo(bar, baz), and when you are passing only one argument, you can leave out the parenthesis like this: a foo bar. That's it. It's just a normal method call, and ++ is just a normal method name like foo. There are two exceptions, though, that mean that Scala actually does have "half-operators". 1) Precedence is determined by the first character of the method name. 2) Methods ending in a : are right-associative when called with operator syntax.

    – Jörg W Mittag
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:44






  • 2





    Note: this also applies to Type Constructors. So, if you have class Foo[A, B] {}, then you can of course say def foo: Foo[Int, String], but you can also say def foo: Int Foo String, and if you have class Foo_:[A, B], then Foo_:[Int, String] is the same as String Foo_: Int.

    – Jörg W Mittag
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:47








  • 1





    Ah, sorry. My bad. :: is unary, not binary. But probably someone is doing that.

    – Jörg W Mittag
    Nov 16 '18 at 10:51






  • 1





    @JörgWMittag Type constructors can be right-associative (shapeless.:: is an example), but they don't swap the order of their arguments in that case (thankfully).

    – Brian McCutchon
    Nov 16 '18 at 18:31








4




4





@Thilo +:, ::, and ::: come to mind. Again, it's anything that ends in a colon.

– Brian McCutchon
Nov 16 '18 at 6:55





@Thilo +:, ::, and ::: come to mind. Again, it's anything that ends in a colon.

– Brian McCutchon
Nov 16 '18 at 6:55




2




2





@Thilo: There is no such thing as an "operator" in Scala. Any method can be called without a period like this: a foo(bar, baz), and when you are passing only one argument, you can leave out the parenthesis like this: a foo bar. That's it. It's just a normal method call, and ++ is just a normal method name like foo. There are two exceptions, though, that mean that Scala actually does have "half-operators". 1) Precedence is determined by the first character of the method name. 2) Methods ending in a : are right-associative when called with operator syntax.

– Jörg W Mittag
Nov 16 '18 at 7:44





@Thilo: There is no such thing as an "operator" in Scala. Any method can be called without a period like this: a foo(bar, baz), and when you are passing only one argument, you can leave out the parenthesis like this: a foo bar. That's it. It's just a normal method call, and ++ is just a normal method name like foo. There are two exceptions, though, that mean that Scala actually does have "half-operators". 1) Precedence is determined by the first character of the method name. 2) Methods ending in a : are right-associative when called with operator syntax.

– Jörg W Mittag
Nov 16 '18 at 7:44




2




2





Note: this also applies to Type Constructors. So, if you have class Foo[A, B] {}, then you can of course say def foo: Foo[Int, String], but you can also say def foo: Int Foo String, and if you have class Foo_:[A, B], then Foo_:[Int, String] is the same as String Foo_: Int.

– Jörg W Mittag
Nov 16 '18 at 7:47







Note: this also applies to Type Constructors. So, if you have class Foo[A, B] {}, then you can of course say def foo: Foo[Int, String], but you can also say def foo: Int Foo String, and if you have class Foo_:[A, B], then Foo_:[Int, String] is the same as String Foo_: Int.

– Jörg W Mittag
Nov 16 '18 at 7:47






1




1





Ah, sorry. My bad. :: is unary, not binary. But probably someone is doing that.

– Jörg W Mittag
Nov 16 '18 at 10:51





Ah, sorry. My bad. :: is unary, not binary. But probably someone is doing that.

– Jörg W Mittag
Nov 16 '18 at 10:51




1




1





@JörgWMittag Type constructors can be right-associative (shapeless.:: is an example), but they don't swap the order of their arguments in that case (thankfully).

– Brian McCutchon
Nov 16 '18 at 18:31





@JörgWMittag Type constructors can be right-associative (shapeless.:: is an example), but they don't swap the order of their arguments in that case (thankfully).

– Brian McCutchon
Nov 16 '18 at 18:31













1














Here colon(:) means that the function has right associativity



so, for instance coll1 ++: coll2 is similar to (coll2).++:(coll1)



Which generally means the elements of the left collection is prepended to right collection



Case-1: 



Array(1,2) ++: Array(3)

Array(3).++:Array(1,2) 

Elements of the left array is prepended to the right array 

so the result would be Array(3,1,2)


Case-2: 



 r = Array(1,2)

 r ++:= Array(3) //This could also be written as the line of code below

 r = Array(3) ++: r

   = r. ++: Array(3)

   = Array(1,2). ++: Array(3) //Elements of the left array is prepended to the right array 

 so their result would be Array(1,2,3)


Hope this solves the query
Thank you :)






share|improve this answer


























  • ++: is a method, not a function.

    – Brian McCutchon
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:52











  • Edited as per the suggestion thanks @BrianMcCutchon

    – prasanna kumar
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:54
















1














Here colon(:) means that the function has right associativity



so, for instance coll1 ++: coll2 is similar to (coll2).++:(coll1)



Which generally means the elements of the left collection is prepended to right collection



Case-1: 



Array(1,2) ++: Array(3)

Array(3).++:Array(1,2) 

Elements of the left array is prepended to the right array 

so the result would be Array(3,1,2)


Case-2: 



 r = Array(1,2)

 r ++:= Array(3) //This could also be written as the line of code below

 r = Array(3) ++: r

   = r. ++: Array(3)

   = Array(1,2). ++: Array(3) //Elements of the left array is prepended to the right array 

 so their result would be Array(1,2,3)


Hope this solves the query
Thank you :)






share|improve this answer


























  • ++: is a method, not a function.

    – Brian McCutchon
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:52











  • Edited as per the suggestion thanks @BrianMcCutchon

    – prasanna kumar
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:54














1












1








1







Here colon(:) means that the function has right associativity



so, for instance coll1 ++: coll2 is similar to (coll2).++:(coll1)



Which generally means the elements of the left collection is prepended to right collection



Case-1: 



Array(1,2) ++: Array(3)

Array(3).++:Array(1,2) 

Elements of the left array is prepended to the right array 

so the result would be Array(3,1,2)


Case-2: 



 r = Array(1,2)

 r ++:= Array(3) //This could also be written as the line of code below

 r = Array(3) ++: r

   = r. ++: Array(3)

   = Array(1,2). ++: Array(3) //Elements of the left array is prepended to the right array 

 so their result would be Array(1,2,3)


Hope this solves the query
Thank you :)






share|improve this answer















Here colon(:) means that the function has right associativity



so, for instance coll1 ++: coll2 is similar to (coll2).++:(coll1)



Which generally means the elements of the left collection is prepended to right collection



Case-1: 



Array(1,2) ++: Array(3)

Array(3).++:Array(1,2) 

Elements of the left array is prepended to the right array 

so the result would be Array(3,1,2)


Case-2: 



 r = Array(1,2)

 r ++:= Array(3) //This could also be written as the line of code below

 r = Array(3) ++: r

   = r. ++: Array(3)

   = Array(1,2). ++: Array(3) //Elements of the left array is prepended to the right array 

 so their result would be Array(1,2,3)


Hope this solves the query
Thank you :)







share|improve this answer














share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer








edited Nov 16 '18 at 7:53

























answered Nov 16 '18 at 7:44









prasanna kumarprasanna kumar

978




978













  • ++: is a method, not a function.

    – Brian McCutchon
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:52











  • Edited as per the suggestion thanks @BrianMcCutchon

    – prasanna kumar
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:54



















  • ++: is a method, not a function.

    – Brian McCutchon
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:52











  • Edited as per the suggestion thanks @BrianMcCutchon

    – prasanna kumar
    Nov 16 '18 at 7:54

















++: is a method, not a function.

– Brian McCutchon
Nov 16 '18 at 7:52





++: is a method, not a function.

– Brian McCutchon
Nov 16 '18 at 7:52













Edited as per the suggestion thanks @BrianMcCutchon

– prasanna kumar
Nov 16 '18 at 7:54





Edited as per the suggestion thanks @BrianMcCutchon

– prasanna kumar
Nov 16 '18 at 7:54


















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Bressuire

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Subprefecture and commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France Bressuire Subprefecture and commune Chateau de Bressuire and the Eglise Notre-Dame Coat of arms Location of Bressuire Bressuire Show map of France Bressuire Show map of Nouvelle-Aquitaine Coordinates: 46°50′27″N 0°29′14″W  /  46.8408°N 0.4872°W  / 46.8408; -0.4872 Coordinates: 46°50′27″N 0°29′14″W  /  46.8408°N 0.4872°W  / 46.8408; -0.4872 Country France Region Nouvelle-Aquitaine Department Deux-Sèvres Arrondissement Bressuire Canton Bressuire Government  • Mayor .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} (2014–20) Jean Michel Bernier Area 1 180.59 km 2 (69.73 sq mi) Population (2014) 2 19,300  • Density 110/km 2 (280/sq mi) Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)  • Summer (DST) UTC+02:00 (CEST) INSEE/Postal code 79049 /79300 Elevation 98–236 m (322–774 ft) (avg. 173 m or 568 ft) 1 French Land Register data, which exclude...
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Vorschmack

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Quarantine

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For other uses, see Quarantine (disambiguation). Signal flag "Lima" called the "Yellow Jack" which when flown in harbor means ship is under quarantine. A simple yellow flag (also called the "Yellow Jack") had historically been used to signal quarantine (it stands for Q among signal flags), but now indicates the opposite, as a signal of a ship free of disease that requests boarding and inspection. A quarantine is used to separate and restrict the movement of people; it is 'a restraint upon the activities or communication of persons or the transport of goods designed to prevent the spread of disease or pests', for a certain period of time. [1] This is often used in connection to disease and illness, such as those who may possibly have been exposed to a communicable disease. [2] The term is often erroneously used to mean medical isolation, which is "to separate ill persons who have a communicable disease from those who are healthy...
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