High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding
- Not to be confused with MPEG-4 SLS, which is branded HD-AAC.
| Filename extensions | MPEG/3GPP Container
Apple Container
ADTS Stream - NOT raw - Contains Headers
|
|---|---|
| Internet media type | audio/aac audio/aacp audio/3gpp audio/3gpp2 audio/mp4 |
| Developed by | ISO |
| Type of format | Audio compression format |
| Contained by | MPEG-4 Part 14, 3GP and 3G2, ISO base media file format, Audio Data Interchange Format (ADIF), Audio Data Transport Stream (ADTS) |
| Extended from | AAC |
| Standard | ISO/IEC 14496-3 |
Hierarchical structure of AAC Profile, HE-AAC Profile and HE-AAC v2 Profile, and compatibility between them. The HE-AAC Profile decoder is fully capable of decoding any AAC Profile stream. Similarly the HE-AAC v2 decoder can handle all HE-AAC Profile streams as well as all AAC Profile streams. Based on the MPEG-4 Part 3 technical specification.[1]
Evolution from MPEG-2 AAC LC (Low Complexity) Profile and MPEG-4 AAC LC Object Type to HE-AACv2 Profile.[2]
High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding (HE-AAC) is an audio coding format for lossy data compression of digital audio defined as an MPEG-4 Audio profile in ISO/IEC 14496-3. It is an extension of Low Complexity AAC (AAC LC) optimized for low-bitrate applications such as streaming audio. HE-AAC version 1 profile (HE-AAC v1) uses spectral band replication (SBR) to enhance the compression efficiency in the frequency domain. HE-AAC version 2 profile (HE-AAC v2) couples SBR with Parametric Stereo (PS) to enhance the compression efficiency of stereo signals. It is a standardized and improved version of the AACplus codec.
HE-AAC is used in digital radio standards like DAB+ and Digital Radio Mondiale.
Contents
1 History
2 Perceived quality
3 Support
3.1 Encoding
3.2 Decoding
3.3 Clients
4 Promotion aspects
4.1 Commercial trademarks and labeling
4.2 Licensing and patents
5 Standards
5.1 Versions
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History
The progenitor of HE-AAC was developed by Coding Technologies under the trade name CT-aacPlus. CT-aacPlus combined MPEG-2 AAC LC with the Coding Technologies invented spectral band replication (SBR). CT-aacPlus is the codec used by XM Radio for their satellite radio service. Subsequently, Coding Technologies submitted their SBR to MPEG as a basis of HE-AAC.
HE-AAC version 1 was standardized as a profile of MPEG-4 Audio in 2003 by MPEG and published as part of MPEG-4 in document ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 1:2003.[3] The HE-AAC version 2 profile was standardized in 2006 as ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 2:2006.[1][4]
A parametric stereo coding tool used in HE-AAC v2 was standardized in 2004 by MPEG and published in document ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 2:2004.[5]
HE-AAC version 2 was also standardized under the name Enhanced aacPlus by 3GPP for 3G UMTS multimedia services in September 2004 (3GPP TS 26.401). It is based on the AAC LC, SBR and Parametric Stereo coding tools defined in the MPEG-4 Audio standard (and it refers to ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd.1:2003 - Bandwidth Extension, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd.2:2004 - Parametric Coding for High Quality Audio, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001 and ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd.1:2003/DCOR1). In addition it includes further tools such as error concealment, spline resampler, and stereo-to-mono downmix.[6] It was also published by ETSI as TS 126 401 V6.1.0 in December 2004.[7]
Prior to the standardization of HE AAC v2 by MPEG, Coding Technologies submitted the combination of HE-AAC v1 coupled with Parametric Stereo under the name Enhanced AAC+. As a result, aacPlus v2 and eAAC+ are now common trade names that refer to HE-AAC v2. AAC+ and aacPlus are common trade names that refer to HE-AAC v1.
Perceived quality
Testing indicates that material decoded from 64 kbit/s HE-AAC does not yet have similar audio quality to material decoded from MP3 at 128 kbit/s using high quality encoders.[8][9][10][11] The test, taking bitrate distribution and RMSD into account, is a tie between mp3PRO, HE AAC and Ogg Vorbis.
Further controlled testing by 3GPP during their revision 6 specification process indicates that HE-AAC and its derivative MPEG-4 HE-AAC v2 provide "Good" audio quality for music at low bit rates (e.g., 24 kbit/s).
A 2011 Public Listening Test[12] compared the two best-rated HE AAC encoders at that time to Opus and Ogg Vorbis, indicated statistically significant superiority at 64 kbit/s for Opus over all other contenders, and second ranked Apple HE AAC statistically superior to both Ogg Vorbis and Nero HE AAC which were tied for third place.
MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 AAC LC decoders without SBR support will decode the AAC LC part of the audio, resulting in audio output with only half the sampling frequency, thereby reducing the audio bandwidth. This usually results in the high-end, or treble, portion of the audio signal missing from the audio product.
Support
Encoding
Orban Opticodec-PC Streaming and File Encoders were the first commercially available encoders supporting AAC-LC/HE-AAC back in 2003. They are now deprecated and replaced with StreamS Encoders from StreamS/Modulation Index with many more features, including support xHE-AAC/Unified Speech and Audio Coding. They are now in use at some of the largest content providers, and are considered to be the standard of the industry for live encoding.
Sony supports HE-AAC encoding since SonicStage version 4.
iTunes 9 supports HE-AAC encoding and playback.[13][14]
Nero has released a free-of-charge command line HE-AAC encoder, Nero AAC Codec,[15] and also supports HE-AAC inside the Nero software suite.
Sorenson Media’s Squeeze Compression Suite includes an HE-AACv1 encoder and is available for Mac OS X as well as Windows.
The 3GPP consortium released source code of a reference HE-AACv2 encoder that appears to offer competitive quality.[16]
Die Plattenkiste and Winamp Pro also supports ripping music to HE-AAC. Using a transcoding plugin for Winamp's media library, any file can be transcoded to HE-AAC.[17]
XLD, an OS X audio encoding program, offers encoding from any of its supported formats to HE-AAC.
Nokia PC Suite may encode audiofiles to eAAC+ format before transmitting them to mobile phone.
HE-AAC v1 and v2 encoders are provided by the Fraunhofer FDK AAC library in Android 4.1 and later versions.[18]
Decoding
HE-AAC is supported in the open source FAAD/FAAD2 decoding library and all players incorporating it, such as VLC media player, Winamp, foobar2000, Audacious Media Player, SonicStage and Die Plattenkiste.
The Nero AAC Codec supports decoding HE and HEv2 AAC.
HE-AAC is also used by AOL Radio and Pandora Radio clients to deliver high-fidelity music at low bitrates.
iTunes 9.2 and iOS 4 include full decoding of HE-AAC v2 parametric stereo streams.
- iTunes 9 thru 9.1, iPhone OS 3.1 and Fall 2009 iPods have support for HE-AAC playback for version 1 with no parametric stereo.
- Older versions of Apple iTunes, iPod Touch, and iPhone will play HE-AAC files at reduced fidelity because they ignore the spectral-band replication and parametric stereo information, instead playing them as though they were standard AAC-LC files without the high-frequency, or "treble," information that is only present in the SBR part of the signal.[citation needed] These will report the track length as twice its actual length.[citation needed]
Dolby released Dolby Pulse decoders and encoders in September 2008. HE-AAC v2 is the core of Dolby Pulse so files and streams encoded in Dolby Pulse will playback on AAC, HE-AAC v1 and v2 decoders. Conversely files and streams encoded in AAC, HE-AAC v1 or v2 will playback on Dolby Pulse decoders.
Dolby Pulse provides the following additional capabilities beyond HE-AAC v2:
- Ability to intelligently generate and insert reversible loudness normalization and dynamic range metadata into the encoded file/stream; this metadata can then be used to optimize the playback experience based on application and/or device.
- Ability to insert custom metadata into the encoded file, and extract this metadata on playback
Dolby has additionally released a PC decoder as an SDK suitable for integration into PC applications requiring Dolby Pulse, HE-AAC or AAC playback capabilities.
HE-AAC v2 decoders are provided in all versions of Android.[18] Decoding is handled by Fraunhofer FDK AAC since Android version 4.1.
Clients
| Application | Platform | Description |
|---|---|---|
AIMP | Windows | A Winamp-like alternative music player.[19] |
Adobe Flash Player | Windows, OS X, Chrome OS, Linux | Browser plug-in.[20][21] Supports AAC+ from any RTMP source. Live streams wrapped in an ADTS container are not natively supported and have to be re-wrapped. (e.g. Icecast KH can serve streams in a .flv container, which is compatible with Flash.) |
Amarok (software) | Windows, Linux | Open-source music player. |
Audacious Media Player | Windows, Linux | Open-source music player. |
Deadbeef | Linux, Android | Open-source music player. |
Die Plattenkiste | Windows | Freeware internet radio application (in German). |
foobar2000 | Windows | Freeware music player. |
FStream | OS X, iOS | Internet radio application. |
GuguRadio | iOS | Internet radio application. |
Internet Radio Player | Android | Internet radio player. |
Internet Radio Box | iOS | Internet radio application. |
iTunes | Windows, OS X | Freeware music player. Pre-installed on Mac computers. |
JetAudio | Windows, Android | Shareware media player. |
MediaHuman Audio Converter | Windows, OS X | Freeware audio converter. (Supports conversion of MP3, AAC, AIFF, WAV etc.) |
MPlayer | Windows, OS X and Linux | Open-source media player. |
Mpv (media player) | Windows, OS X and Linux | Open-source media player. |
QuickTime X | OS X | Media player pre-installed on OS X Snow Leopard or later. |
RealPlayer | Windows, OS X, Linux, Android | Freemium media player. (HE-AAC v2 will only play in mono)[23] |
Rhythmbox | Linux | Open-source music player. |
Snowtape | OS X | Shareware internet radio application. |
streamWriter | Windows | Open-source internet radio application. |
StreamS HiFi Radio | iOS | Paidware internet radio player. |
Tunein radio | iOS, Android, Windows Phone, Blackberry | Internet radio player. |
VLC media player | Windows, OS X, Linux, iOS, Android | Open-source media player. |
Winamp | Windows, OS X, Android | Freemium media player. |
XiiaLive | Android, iOS | Internet radio player. |
Kodi | Windows, Linux, OS X, Android | Open-source media player. |
Media Player Classic | Windows | Open-source media player |
Promotion aspects
Commercial trademarks and labeling
HE-AAC is marketed under the trademark aacPlus by Coding Technologies and under the trademark Nero Digital by Nero AG. Sony Ericsson, Nokia and Samsung use AAC+ to label support for HE AAC v1 and eAAC+ to label support for HE-AAC v2 on their phones. Motorola uses AAC+ to indicate HE AAC v1 and "AAC+ Enhanced" to indicate HE AAC v2.[citation needed]
Licensing and patents
Companies holding patents for HE AAC have formed a patent pool administered by Via Licensing Corporation[24] to provide a single point of license for product makers.
Patent licenses are required for end-product companies that make hardware or software products that include HE AAC encoders and/or decoders.[25] Unlike the MP3 format before April 23, 2017,[26] content owners are not required to pay license fees to distribute content in HE AAC.
Standards
HE-AAC profile was first standardized in ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 1:2003.[3] HE-AAC v2 profile (HE-AAC with Parametric Stereo) was first specified in ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 2:2006.[1][4][27] The Parametric Stereo coding tool used by HE-AAC v2 was standardized in 2004 and published as ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 2:2004.[5][6]
The current version of the MPEG-4 Audio (including HE-AAC standards) is published in ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009.
Enhanced aacPlus is required audio compression format in 3GPP technical specifications for 3G UMTS multimedia services and should be supported in IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) and Transparent end-to-end Packet-switched Streaming Service (PSS).[28][29][30][31] HE-AAC version 2 was standardized under the name Enhanced aacPlus by 3GPP for 3G UMTS multimedia services in September 2004 (3GPP TS 26.401).[32]
HE-AAC and HE-AAC v2 audio coding for DVB applications is standardized by TS 101 154.[33][34] AacPlus v2 by Coding Technologies[35] is also standardized by the ETSI as TS 102 005 for Satellite services to Handheld devices (DVB-SH) below 3 GHz.
In December 2007, Brazil started broadcasting terrestrial DTV standard called International ISDB-Tb that implements video coding H.264 with audio AAC LC on main program (single or multi) and video H.264 with audio HE-AACv2 in the 1Seg mobile sub-program.
Versions
The following is the summary of the different versions of HE-AAC:
| Version | Common trade names | Codec feature | Standards |
|---|---|---|---|
| HE-AAC v1 | aacPlus v1, eAAC, AAC+, CT-aacPlus | AAC LC + SBR | ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 1:2003 |
| HE-AAC v2 | aacPlus v2, eAAC+, AAC++, Enhanced AAC+ | AAC LC + SBR + PS | ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 2:2006 |
xHE-AAC | aacPlus v2, eAAC+, AAC++, Enhanced AAC+ | AAC LC + SBR + PS + USAC | ISO/IEC 23003-3:2012/Amd 2:2012 [36] |
See also
- Advanced Audio Coding
- Digital Radio Mondiale
Notes
^ To deliver streaming audio, AAC data is most likely carried in either the Audio Data Interchange Format (ADIF) or via Audio Data Transport Stream (ADTS). You can parse these containers and create FLV audio tags in order to use the audio file with Data Generation Mode.[22]
References
^ abc ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11/N7016 (2005-01-11), Text of ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/FPDAM 4, Audio Lossless Coding (ALS), new audio profiles and BSAC extensions, archived from the original (DOC) on 2014-05-12, retrieved 2009-10-09.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Fraunhofer IIS, MPEG-4 Audio and Video Technology (PDF), retrieved 2009-10-15
[dead link]
^ ab ISO (2003). "Bandwidth extension, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 1:2003". ISO. Archived from the original on 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
^ ab ISO (2006). "Audio Lossless Coding (ALS), new audio profiles and BSAC extensions, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 2:2006". ISO. Archived from the original on 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
^ ab ISO (2004). "Parametric coding for high-quality audio, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 2:2004". ISO. Archived from the original on 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
^ ab 3GPP (2004-09-30). "3GPP TS 26.401 V6.0.0 (2004-09), General Audio Codec audio processing functions; Enhanced aacPlus General Audio Codec; General Description (Release 6)" (DOC). 3GPP. Archived from the original on 2006-08-19. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
^ 3GPP (2005-01-04). "ETSI TS 126 401 V6.1.0 (2004-12) - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); General audio codec audio processing functions; Enhanced aacPlus general audio codec; General description (3GPP TS 26.401 version 6.1.0 Release 6)". 3GPP. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
^ "Results of 64kbit/s Listening Test". archive.org. 23 June 2007. Archived from the original on 23 June 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2018.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ "Multiformat Listening Test @ 48 kbps - FINISHED". www.hydrogenaud.io. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ "80 kbps personal listening test (summer 2005)". www.hydrogenaud.io. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ "• MP3 • WMA • AAC • OGG • qualité à 96 kbps (évaluation) - Traitement Audio - Video & Son - FORUM HardWare.fr". forum.hardware.fr. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2018. C1 control character in|title=at position 1 (help)
^ "Hydrogen audio 2011 multiformat listening test unofficial results page". people.xiph.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-03-29. Retrieved 2011-03-29.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ "iTunes". Apple. Archived from the original on 29 March 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ "Nero AAC Codec". Archived from the original on 2009-12-11. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
^ Bouvigne, Gabriel (2006-03-20). "48kbps AAC public test results". MP3'Tech. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
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^ "AIMP". www.aimp.ru. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ "Adobe Flash Player". www.adobe.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ "Adobe bringing HD video, high quality audio to Flash using H.264, AAC (iPhone Flash support?) – MacDailyNews - Welcome Home". macdailynews.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ "Playing Icecast streaming audio in Flash Player - Adobe Developer Connection". www.adobe.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-03-18. Retrieved 2014-10-19.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ Via Licensing. "Licensing Programs". Archived from the original on 2017-05-13. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
^ Via Licensing. "AAC Licensing FAQ". Archived from the original on 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
^ Thomson. "Thomson/FhG MP3 Licensing". Archived from the original on 2017-01-17.
^ Mihir Mody (2005-06-06). "Audio compression gets better and more complex". Embedded.com. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
[permanent dead link]
^ ETSI (2009-04) ETSI TS 126 234 V8.2.0 (2009-04); 3GPP TS 26.234; Transparent end-to-end Packet-switched Streaming Service (PSS); Protocols and codecs Archived 2008-12-01 at the Wayback Machine Page 58. Retrieved on 2009-06-02.
^ ETSI (2009-01) ETSI TS 126 140 V8.0.0 (2009-01); 3GPP TS 26.140; Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS); Media formats and codes Archived 2008-12-06 at the Wayback Machine Page 11. Retrieved on 2009-06-02.
^ ETSI (2009-01) ETSI TS 126 141 V8.0.0 (2009-01); 3GPP TS 26.141; IP Multimedia System (IMS) Messaging and Presence; Media formats and codecs Archived 2008-10-07 at the Wayback Machine Page 10. Retrieved on 2009-06-02.
^ 3GPP (2009). "ETSI TS 126 346 V8.3.0 (2009-06); 3GPP TS 26.346; Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS); Protocols and codecs". ETSI. p. 85. Archived from the original on 2008-10-04. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
^ 3GPP (2004). "3GPP TS 26.401 - General audio codec audio processing functions; Enhanced aacPlus general audio codec; General description". 3GPP. Archived from the original on 2008-10-04. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
^ ETSI TS 101 154 v1.5.1: Specification for the use of Video and Audio Coding in Broadcasting Applications based on the MPEG-2 Transport Stream
^ ETSI (2009-03-31). "TS 101 154 version 1.9.1 - Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Specification for the use of Video and Audio Coding in Broadcasting Applications based on the MPEG-2 Transport Stream". ETSI. Archived from the original on 2009-05-20. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-26. Retrieved 2007-01-29.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ "xHE-AAC". Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
External links
Stream.Media Radio Streaming Provider that provides every stream in HE-AACv2
MPEG-4 HE-AAC v2 — audio coding for today's digital media world, article in the EBU technical review (01/2006) giving explanations on HE-AAC.
Tuner2.com list of Internet radio stations using aacPlus
RadioFeeds UK & Ireland (AAC+) UK terrestrial radio stations streaming online in aacPlus format- aacPlus explained
Open Source AAC codec FAAC (encoder) and FAAD2 (decoder)
Reworked HE-AAC encoder aacplusenc (Windows binary aacplusenc.exe only goes to 51 kbit/s.)
SNG 1.3 Front-end for Nero Encoder e.g. aac-lc, aac-he, aac-hev2 e.g.(Van Halen's Panama HE-AAC maxed at 205 kbit/s)
neroAacEnc.exe - the Nero Encoder back-end for the SNG 1.3 front-end.
Winamp.com Audio player/ripper that allows you to rip CDs into HE-AAC and convert other audio files into HE-AAC (with a free add-on).
EZ CD Audio Converter CD Ripper, Audio Converter, and CD Burner that allows you to rip to AAC LC and HE AAC, convert to AAC LC and HE AAC and burn AAC LC and HE AAC to an Audio CD.
Die Plattenkiste Albumplayer, Ripper, Converter, and CD Burner that allows you to rip to AAC and aacPlus, convert to AAC and aacPlus and burn AAC and aacPlus to gapless Audio-CD.
mp3PRO vs MP3 - includes graphs comparing high-frequency performance for MP3pro (similar to HE-AAC+)- Official MPEG web site
Via Licensing Corporation - HE AAC Patent Pool
RFC 4281 - The Codecs Parameter for "Bucket" Media Types- Fraunhofer AAC Test Site
