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Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

Abbreviation	AMPAS
Formation	May 11, 1927; 91 years ago (1927-05-11)
Type	Film organization
Headquarters	Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
Membership	6,687 (2017)[1]
President	John Bailey (since 2017)
Website	www.oscars.org

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS (often pronounced as am-pas), also known as simply the Academy or Motion Picture Academy) is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academy's corporate management and general policies are overseen by a Board of Governors, which includes representatives from each of the craft branches.

The roster of the Academy's approximately 6,000 motion picture professionals is a "closely guarded secret".^[2] While the great majority of its members are based in the United States, membership is open to qualified filmmakers around the world.

The Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially and popularly known as "The Oscars".^[3]

In addition, the Academy holds the Governors Awards annually for lifetime achievement in film; presents Scientific and Technical Awards annually; gives Student Academy Awards annually to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting annually; and operates the Margaret Herrick Library (at the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study) in Beverly Hills, California, and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood, Los Angeles. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2019.^[4][5]

History

Headquarters building

The notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) began with Louis B. Mayer, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions^[6] and improve the industry's image. He met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetson to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having an annual banquet was discussed, but no mention of awards at that time. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry: actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers.^[7]

After their brief meeting, Mayer gathered up a group of thirty-six people involved in the film industry and invited them to a formal banquet at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles on January 11, 1927.^[8] That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy.^[7] Between that evening and when the official Articles of Incorporation for the organization were filed on May 4, 1927, the "International" was dropped from the name, becoming the "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences".^[9][10]

Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6, 1927. Their first organizational meeting was held on May 11. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president, and their first roster, composed of 230 members, was printed.^[9] That night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison.^[10] Initially, the Academy was broken down into five main groups, or branches, although this number of branches has grown over the years. The original five were: Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers and Technicians.^[11]

The initial concerns of the group had to do with labor."^[12] However, as time went on, the organization moved "further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations."^[13] One of several committees formed in those initial days was for "Awards of Merit," but it was not until May 1928 that the committee began to have serious discussions about the structure of the awards and the presentation ceremony. By July 1928 the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented.^[14] During July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began.^[15] This "award of merit for distinctive achievement" is what we know now as the Academy Award.

The initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard.^[12][13] In November 1927, the Academy moved to the Roosevelt Hotel at 7010 Hollywood Boulevard, which was also the month the Academy's library began compiling a complete collection of books and periodicals dealing with the industry from around the world. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, to be located in the Club lounge of the hotel. The screening room was not completed until April 1929.^[12]

With the publication of Report on Incandescent Illumination in 1928, the Academy began a long history of publishing books to assist its members. Another early initiative concerned training Army Signal Corps officers.^[13]

In 1929, Academy members in a joint venture with the University of Southern California created America's first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures. The school's founding faculty included Fairbanks (President of the Academy), D. W. Griffith, William C. deMille, Ernst Lubitsch, Irving Thalberg, and Darryl F. Zanuck.^[16]

1930 saw another move, to 7046 Hollywood Boulevard, in order to accommodate the enlarging staff,^[13] and by December of that year the library was acknowledged as "having one of the most complete collections of information on the motion picture industry anywhere in existence."^[17] They would remain at that location until 1935, when further growth would cause them to move once again. This time, the administrative offices would move to one location, to the Taft Building at the corner of Hollywood and Vine, while the library would move to 1455 North Gordon Street.^[13]

In 1934, the Academy began publication of the Screen Achievement Records Bulletin, which today is known as the Motion Picture Credits Database. This is a list of film credits up for an Academy Award, as well as other films released in Los Angeles County, using research materials from the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library.^[18] Another publication of the 1930s was the first annual Academy Players Directory in 1937. The Directory was published by the Academy until 2006, when it was sold to a private concern. The Academy had been involved in the technical aspects of film making since its founding in 1927, and by 1938, the Science and Technology Council consisted of 36 technical committees addressing technical issues related to sound recording and reproduction, projection, lighting, film preservation and cinematography.^[13]

In 2009, the inaugural Governors Awards were held, at which the Academy awards the Academy Honorary Award and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award.

In 2016, the Academy became the target of criticism for its failure to recognize the achievements of minority professionals. For the second year in a row all 20 nominees in the major acting categories were white. The president of the Academy Cheryl Boone Isaacs,^[19] the first African American and third woman to lead the Academy,^[20] denied in 2015 that there was a problem. When asked if the Academy had difficulty with recognizing diversity, she replied "Not at all. Not at all."^[21] When the nominations for acting were all white for a second year in a row Gil Robertson IV, president of the African American Film Critics Association called it "offensive."^{[citation needed]} The actors' branch is "overwhelmingly white" and the question is raised whether conscious or unconscious racial biases played a role.^[22]

Spike Lee, interviewed shortly after the all-white nominee list was published, pointed to Hollywood leadership as the root problem, "We may win an Oscar now and then, but an Oscar is not going to fundamentally change how Hollywood does business. I'm not talking about Hollywood stars. I'm talking about executives. We're not in the room."^[23] Boone Isaacs also released a statement, in which she said "I am both heartbroken and frustrated about the lack of inclusion. This is a difficult but important conversation, and it's time for big changes."^[24] After Boone Isaac's statement, prominent African-Americans such as director Spike Lee, actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith, and activist Rev. Al Sharpton called for a boycott of the 2016 Oscars for failing to recognize minority achievements, the board voted to make "historic" changes to its membership.^{[clarification needed]} The Academy stated that by 2020 it would double its number of women and minority members.^[25]

In August 2017, John Bailey was elected President of the Academy to a four-year term.^[26]

Galleries and theaters

Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study building on La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills, California

Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in the Hollywood district

The Academy's numerous and diverse operations are housed in three facilities in the Los Angeles area: the headquarters building in Beverly Hills, which was constructed specifically for the Academy, and two Centers for Motion Picture Study – one in Beverly Hills, the other in Hollywood – which were existing structures restored and transformed to contain the Academy's Library, Film Archive and other departments and programs.

Current

Academy Headquarters

The Academy Headquarters Building in Beverly Hills once housed two galleries that were open free to the public. The Grand Lobby Gallery and the Fourth Floor Gallery offered changing exhibits related to films, film-making and film personalities. These galleries have since been closed in preparation for the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in 2019.

The building includes the Samuel Goldwyn Theater, which seats 1,012, and was designed to present films at maximum technical accuracy, with state-of-the-art projection equipment and sound system. The theater is busy year-round with the Academy's public programming, members-only screenings, movie premieres and other special activities (including the live television broadcast of the Academy Awards nominations announcement every January). The building once housed the Academy Little Theater, is a 67-seat screening facility, but this was converted to additional office space in a building remodel.

Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study

The Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study, located in central Hollywood and named for legendary actress and Academy founder Mary Pickford, houses several Academy departments, including the Academy Film Archive, the Science and Technology Council, Student Academy Awards and Grants, and the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting. The building, originally dedicated on August 18, 1948, is the oldest surviving structure in Hollywood that was designed specifically with television in mind. Additionally, it is the location of the Linwood Dunn Theater, which seats 286 people.

Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study

The Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study is located at 333 S. La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills. It is home to the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library, a world-renowned, non-circulating reference and research collection devoted to the history and development of the motion picture as an art form and an industry. Established in 1928, the library is open to the public and used year-round by students, scholars, historians and industry professionals. The library is named for Margaret Herrick, the Academy's first librarian who also played a major role in the Academy's first televised broadcast, helping to turn the Oscar ceremony into a major annual televised event.^[27]

The building itself was built in 1928, where it was originally built to be a water treatment plant for Beverly Hills. Its "bell tower" held water-purifying hardware.^[28]

Former

Academy Theater in New York

The Academy also has a New York City-based East Coast showcase theater, the Academy Theater at Lighthouse International. The 220-seat venue was redesigned in 2011 by renowned theater designer Theo Kalomirakis, including an extensive installation of new audio and visual equipment. The theater is in the East 59th Street headquarters of the non-profit vision loss organization, Lighthouse International.^[29] In July 2015, it was announced that the Academy was forced to move out, due to Lighthouse International selling the property the theater was in.^[30]

Upcoming

The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures

The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures, a Los Angeles museum currently under construction, will be the newest facility associated with the Academy. It is scheduled to open in 2019 and will contain over 290,000 square feet of state-of-the-art galleries, exhibition spaces, movie theaters, educational areas, and special event spaces. The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures will be the world's premier museum devoted to exploring and curating the history and future of the moving image.^[31]

Membership

Membership in the Academy is by invitation only. Invitation comes from the Board of Governors. Membership eligibility may be achieved by earning a competitive Oscar nomination, or by the sponsorship of two current Academy members from the same branch to which the candidate seeks admission.^[32]

New membership proposals are considered annually in the spring. Press releases announce the names of those who have recently been invited to join. Membership in the Academy does not expire, even if a member struggles later in his or her career.^[33]

Academy membership is divided into 17 branches, representing different disciplines in motion pictures. Members may not belong to more than one branch. Members whose work does not fall within one of the branches may belong to a group known as "Members at Large". Members at Large have all the privileges of branch membership except for representation on the Board. Associate members are those closely allied to the industry but not actively engaged in motion picture production. They are not represented on the Board and do not vote on Academy Awards.

According to a February 2012 study conducted by the Los Angeles Times (sampling over 5,000 of its 5,765 members), the Academy at that time was 94% white, 77% male, 86% age 50 or older, and had a median age of 62. A third of members were previous winners or nominees of Academy Awards themselves. Of the academy's 43-member board of governors, only six were female; Cheryl Boone Isaacs was the sole person of color on the board.^[34]

June 29, 2016 saw a paradigm shift in the Academy's selection process, resulting in a new class comprising 46% women, and 41% people of color.^[35] The effort to diversify the Academy was led by social activist, and Broadway Black managing-editor, April Reign.^[36] Reign created the Twitter hashtag #OscarsSoWhite as a means of criticizing the dearth of non-white nominees for the 2015 Academy Awards. Though the hashtag drew widespread media attention, the Academy remained obstinate on the matter of adopting a resolution that would make demonstrable its efforts to increase diversity. With the 2016 Academy Awards, many, including April Reign, were dismayed by the Academy's indifference about representation and inclusion, as the 2016 nominees were once again entirely white. April Reign revived #OscarsSoWhite, and renewed her campaign efforts, including multiple media appearances and interviews with reputable news outlets. As a result of Reign's campaign, the discourse surrounding representation and recognition in film spread beyond the United States of America and became a global discussion. Faced with mounting pressure to modernize the Academy membership, the Academy capitulated and instituted all new policies to ensure that future Academy membership invitations would better represent the demographics of modern film-going audiences.^[37] In 2016, the Academy invited 683 new members that were made up of nearly half women and people of color, but it was still disproportionately white and male (89% and 73%, respectively); it is committed to doubling the number of women and minorities in its group by 2020.^[38]

Members are able to see many new films for free at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater and other facilities^{[clarification needed]} within two weeks of their debut, and sometimes before release; in addition, some of the screeners are available through iTunes to its members.^[39][40]

Expulsions

Four people are known to have been expelled from the Academy. Academy officials acknowledge that other members have been expelled in the past, most for selling their Oscar tickets, but no numbers are available.

• 
  Carmine Caridi was expelled on February 3, 2004, for copyright infringement. He was accused of leaking screeners that had been sent to him.^[41][42]
  


• 
  Harvey Weinstein was expelled for "sexually predatory behavior and workplace harassment" after an emergency meeting held on October 13, 2017.^[43][44]
  


• 
  Bill Cosby and Roman Polanski were expelled "in accordance with the organization’s Standards of Conduct" on May 1, 2018.^[45] Cosby had been convicted of sexual assault one week earlier, while Polanski had been convicted in 1977 of unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor.

Academy branches

The 17 branches of the Academy are:

1. Actors


2. 
   Casting Directors (created July 31, 2013)^[46]
   


3. Cinematographers


4. 
   Costume Designers (created from former Art Directors Branch)^[47]
   


5. 
   Designers (created from former Art Directors Branch)^[47]
   


6. Directors


7. Documentary


8. Executives


9. Film Editors


10. 
    Make-up Artists and Hairstylists
    


11. Music


12. Producers


13. Public Relations


14. 
    Short Films and Feature Animation
    


15. Sound


16. Visual Effects


17. Writers

Board of Governors

As of April 2014^[update], the Board of Governors consists of 51 members (governors), consisting of three governors from each of the 17 Academy branches. The Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Branch, created in 2006, had only one governor until July 2013.^[47] The Casting Directors Branch, created in 2013, elected its first three governors in Fall 2013.^[46]
The Board of Governors is responsible for corporate management, control and general policies. The Board of Governors also appoints a CEO and a COO to supervise the administrative activities of the Academy.

Original 36 founders of the Academy

From the original formal banquet which was hosted by Louis B. Mayer in 1927, everyone invited became a founder of the Academy:^[48]

Presidents of the Academy

Presidents are elected for one-year terms and may not be elected for more than four consecutive terms.

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Current administration of the Academy

Academy Officers^[49]

• President – John Bailey
  


• First Vice President – Lois Burwell
  


• Vice President – Sid Ganis
  


• Vice President – Larry Karaszewski
  


• Vice President – Nancy Utley


• Treasurer – Jim Gianopulos
  


• Secretary – David Rubin


• Chief Executive Officer – Dawn Hudson
  

Governors^[49]

• Actors Branch – Laura Dern, Whoopi Goldberg, Alfred Molina
  


• Casting Directors Branch – Lora Kennedy, David Rubin, Bernard Telsey
  


• Cinematographers Branch – John Bailey, Darkyn Okada, Mandy Walker
  


• Costume Designers Branch – Sharen Davis, Deborah Nadoolman Landis, Isis Mussenden
  


• Designers Branch – Tom Duffield, Jan Pascale, Wynn P. Thomas


• Directors Branch – Susanne Bier, Kimberly Peirce, Steven Spielberg
  


• Documentary Branch – Kate Amend, Rory Kennedy, Roger Ross Williams
  


• Executives Branch – Daniel R. Fellman, Jim Gianopulos, David Linde
  


• Film Editors Branch – Mark Goldblatt, Carol Littleton, Michael Tronick
  


• Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Branch – Kathryn Blondell, Lois Burwell, Leonard Engelman


• Music Branch – Charles Bernstein, Michael Giacchino, Laura Karpman
  


• Producers Branch – Albert Berger, Mark Johnson, Jennifer Todd
  


• Public Relations Branch – Sid Ganis, Christina Kounelias, Nancy Utley


• Short Films and Feature Animation Branch – Bonnie Arnold, Jon Bloom, Tom Sito
  


• Sound Branch – Kevin Collier, Teri E. Dorman, Scott Millan
  


• Visual Effects Branch – Craig Barron, Richard Edlund, John Knoll
  


• Writers Branch – Larry Karaszewski, Billy Ray, Robin Swicord
  


• Governors-at-large^[19] (nominated by the President and elected by the board) – Reginald Hudlin, Gregory Nava, Jennifer Yuh Nelson
  

See also

• National Film Registry


• American Film Institute


• Motion Picture Association of America


• Academy of Television Arts & Sciences


• American Academy of Arts and Sciences

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

• Official website


• 
  Hollywood is a Union Town, The Nation (April 2, 1938) History of the Academy and Screen Actors Guild