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National Front
; National Front; Barisan Nasional; باريسن ناسيونل; .mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}; .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}; 国民阵线; பாரிசான் நேசனல்;
	; ;
Abbreviation	; BN
Chairman	; Ahmad Zahid Hamidi;
Secretary-General	; Nazri Abdul Aziz;
Deputy Chairman	; Mohamad Hasan;
Vice Chairmen	; Liow Tiong Lai; Vigneswaran Sanasee;
Founder	; Abdul Razak Hussein;
Founded	; 1 January 1973 (1973-01-01);
Legalised	; 1 June 1974 (as a party)
Preceded by	; Alliance;
Headquarters	; Aras 8, Menara Dato’ Onn, Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Newspaper	; Pro-BN newspapers:; New Straits Times; The Star; Utusan Malaysia; Nanyang Siang Pau; Tamil Nesan;
Student wing	; Siswa Barisan Nasional
Youth wing	; Barisan Nasional Youth Movement
Membership (2018)	; 7,000,000
Ideology	; Ketuanan Melayu; Social conservatism; Economic liberalism; 1Malaysia;
Political position	; Right-wing;
Colours	; Royal blue and sky white
Slogan	; Rakyat Didahulukan, Pencapaian Diutamakan. ; Hidup Rakyat;
Anthem	; Barisan Nasional;
; Dewan Negara:	; ; 33 / 70 ; ;
; Dewan Rakyat:	; ; 51 / 222 ; ;
; Dewan Undangan Negeri:	; ; 144 / 587 ; ;
Election symbol
	; ;
Website
	; www.barisannasional.org.my;
	; ; Politics of Malaysia; ; Political parties; ; Elections; ; ;

The National Front (Malay: Barisan Nasional; abbrev: BN) is a political coalition in Malaysia that was founded in 1973 as a coalition of right-wing and centre parties. They are currently the largest opposition coalition in the country's Dewan Rakyat.

The Barisan Nasional coalition employs the same inter-communal governing model of its predecessor the Alliance Party but on a wider scale, with up to 14 communal political parties involved in the coalition at one point.^[1] It dominated Malaysian politics for over thirty years after it was founded, but since 2008 has faced stronger challenges from opposition parties, notably the Pakatan Rakyat (PR) and later the Pakatan Harapan (PH) alliances. Taken together with its predecessor (Alliance), it had a combined period of rule from 1957 to 2018, and was considered as the longest ruling coalition party in the democratic world.^[6]

In the aftermath of the 2018 general election, the Barisan Nasional coalition lost its hold of the parliament to PH for the first time in Malaysian history. It was also the first time Barisan Nasional became the opposition coalition after almost 61 years in power, with former prime minister and Barisan Nasional chairman Mahathir Mohamad becoming PH's leader.

History

Formation

Barisan Nasional is the direct successor to the three-party Alliance coalition formed of United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), and Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC). It was founded in the aftermath of the 1969 general election and the 13 May riots. The Alliance Party lost ground in the 1969 election to the opposition parties, in particular the two newly formed parties Democratic Action Party and Gerakan, and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS). Although the Alliance won a majority of seats, it gained less than half the popular vote, and the resulting tension between different communities led to riots and the declaration of a state of emergency.^[7] After the Malaysian Parliament reconvened in 1971, negotiations began with former opposition parties such as Gerakan and People's Progressive Party (myPPP), both of which joined the Alliance in 1972, quickly followed by Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS).

In 1973, the Alliance Party was replaced by Barisan Nasional.^[1]^[8] The Barisan Nasional, which included regional parties from Sabah and Sarawak (Sabah Alliance Party, Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP), Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB)), registered in June 1974 as a coalition of nine parties.^[8] It contested the 1974 general election as a grand coalition under the leadership of the prime minister Tun Abdul Razak, which it won with considerable success.^[9]

1977–2007

In 1977, PAS was expelled from Barisan Nasional following a revolt within the Kelantan state legislature against a chief minister appointed by the federal government.^[1] Barisan Nasional nevertheless won the 1978 general election convincingly, and it continued to dominate Malaysian politics in the 1980s and 1990s despite some losses in state elections, such as the loss of Kelantan to PAS, and Sabah to United Sabah Party (PBS) which later joined Barisan Nasional.

By 2003, Barisan Nasional had grown to a coalition formed of more than a dozen communal parties. It performed particularly well in the 2004 general election, winning 198 out of 219 seats.

Although Barisan Nasional never achieved more than 67% of the popular vote in elections from 1974 until 2008, it maintained consecutive two-thirds majority of seats in the Dewan Rakyat until 2008, benefitting from Malaysia's first-past-the-post voting system.^[10]

2008–2018

High-ranking BN party officials holding copies of the party manifesto at a pre-election rally in 2013. In the front row, from left, are Chua Soi Lek (MCA), Muhyiddin Yassin, Najib Razak and Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor (UMNO), and Abdul Taib Mahmud (PBB).

In the 2008 general election, Barisan Nasional lost more than one-third of the parliamentary seats to Pakatan Rakyat, a loose alliance of opposition parties. This marked Barisan's first failure to secure a two-thirds supermajority in Parliament since 1969. Five state governments, namely Selangor, Kelantan, Penang, Perak and Kedah fell to Pakatan Rakyat. Perak however was later returned via court ruling following a constitutional crisis. Since 2008, the coalition has seen its non-Malay component parties greatly diminished in the Peninsula.^[11]

The losses continued in the 2013 general election, and it recorded its worst election result at the time. BN regained Kedah, but lost several more seats in Parliament along with the popular vote to Pakatan. Despite winning only 47% of the popular vote, it managed to gain 60% of the 222 parliamentary seats, thereby retaining control of the parliament.^[12]

And finally, during the 2018 general election, Barisan Nasional lost control of the parliament to Pakatan Harapan, winning a total of only 79 parliamentary seats. The crushing defeat ended their 61-year rule of the country, paving way for the first change of government in Malaysian history. The coalition won only 34% of the popular vote, despite redrawing the electoral boundaries in their favour. In addition to their failure in regaining the Penang, Selangor and Kelantan state governments, six state governments, namely Johor, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Kedah and Sabah fell to Pakatan Harapan and WARISAN (Sabah). The Terengganu state government also fell but to the Gagasan Sejahtera (GS). Barisan Nasional was only in power in three states; namely Perlis, Pahang and Sarawak.

Many of BN's component parties left the coalition following its humiliating defeat at the 2018 general election, reducing its number to only the original three of UMNO, MCA and MIC compared to 13 before the election. These parties either aligned themselves with the new Pakatan Harapan federal government, formed a new state-based pact or remain independent. They include all four Sabah-based parties – United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (UPKO), United Sabah Party (PBS), United Sabah People's Party (PBRS) and Liberal Democratic Party (LDP),^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16] all four Sarawak-based parties – PBB, SUPP, Sarawak People's Party (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which form a new state-based pact, Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS),^[17]^[18] myPPP (under Kayveas faction),^[19] and Gerakan.^[20] Six UMNO members of parliament (MPs) also left.^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26] The departures of several BN's component parties and six UMNO's MPs leaving the party have reduced BN's parliamentary seats to only 51 seats, compared with 79 seats that BN has won in the general election.

Organisation

In 2013, the vast majority of Barisan Nasional's seats were held by its two largest Bumiputera-based political parties—the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), and Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB). For most of its history, both the Malaysian Chinese Association and Malaysian Indian Congress have played major roles in Barisan Nasional, but their representation in Parliament and state legislatures has become much more diminished. Nevertheless, each component party purports to represent – and limit membership – to a certain race: UMNO for the Malays, MCA for the Chinese and so on. In the view of some scholars:

.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}

Since its inception the Alliance remained a coalition of communal parties. Each of the component parties operated to all intents and purposes, save that of elections, as a separate party. Their membership was communal, except perhaps Gerakan, and their success was measured in terms of their ability to achieve the essentially parochial demands of their constituents.^[27]

Although both the Alliance and BN registered themselves as political parties, membership is only possible indirectly through one of the constituent parties. In the Alliance, one could hold direct membership, but this was abolished with the formation of the Barisan Nasional. The BN defines itself as a "confederation of political parties which subscribe to the objects of the Barisan Nasional". Although in elections, all candidates stand under the BN symbol, and there is a BN manifesto, each individual constituent party also issues its own manifesto, and there is intra-coalition competition for seats prior to nomination day.^[28]

Member parties

Flag	Name			Ideology	Leader(s)	Seats contested	2018 result		Current seats
Flag	Name			Ideology	Leader(s)	Seats contested	Votes (%)	Seats	Composition
		UMNO	United Malays National Organisation Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu	Ketuanan Melayu	Ahmad Zahid Hamidi	120	20.904%	54 / 222	48 / 51
		MIC	Malaysian Indian Congress Kongres India Malaysia	Indian nationalism	Vigneswaran Sanasee	9	1.383%	2 / 222	2 / 51
		MCA	Malaysian Chinese Association Persatuan Cina Malaysia	Chinese nationalism	Liow Tiong Lai	39	0.45%	1 / 222	1 / 51

Note: A former member party, People's Progressive Party is experiencing a leadership dispute, with Maglin announced that the party remained within the coalition and Kayveas announced that the party had left the coalition.

Leadership Structure

Barisan Nasional Supreme Council since July 2018:^[29]

Chairman:
- Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi (UMNO)

Deputy Chairman:
- Mohamad Hasan (UMNO)

Vice-Chairman:
- Liow Tiong Lai (MCA)
- Vigneswaran Sanasee (MIC)

Secretary-General:
- Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz (UMNO)

Treasurer-General:
- Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor (UMNO)

Women Leader:
- Dr. Noraini Ahmad (UMNO)

Youth Leader:
- Dr. Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki (UMNO)

Strategic Communications Director:
- Shamsul Anuar Nasarah (UMNO)

Executive Secretary:
- Mohd. Sumali Reduan (UMNO)

Supreme Council Members:
- Ismail Sabri Yaakob (UMNO)
- Mohamed Khaled Nordin (UMNO)
- Wee Ka Siong (MCA)
- Ong Ka Chuan (MCA)
- K. Devamany S. Krishnasamy (MIC)
- Sakthivel Alagappan (MIC)

State Chairman:
- Johor: Hasni Muhammad (UMNO)
- Kedah: Jamil Khir Baharom (UMNO)
- Kelantan: Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub (UMNO)
- Malacca: Ab Rauf Yusoh (UMNO)
- Negeri Sembilan: Mohamad Hasan (UMNO)
- Pahang: Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail (UMNO)
- Penang: Tan Teik Cheng (MCA)
- Perak: Saarani Mohamad (UMNO)
- Perlis: Mohamed Khaled Nordin (UMNO)
- Sabah: Salleh Said Keruak (UMNO)
- Selangor: Ismail Sabri Yaakob (UMNO)
- Terengganu: Mahdzir Khalid (UMNO)
- Federal Territories: Johari Abdul Ghani (UMNO)

Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, the incumbent Chairman of Barisan Nasional.

Elected representatives

Dewan Negara (Senate)

Senators

His Majesty's appointee:
- Abdul Halim Abdul Samad (UMNO)
- Bashir Alias (UMNO)
- Chai Kim Sen (MCA)
- Fahariyah Md. Nordin (UMNO)
- Hanafi Mamat (UMNO)
- Ibrahim Shah Abu Shah (UMNO)
- Ismail Ibrahim (UMNO)
- John Ambrose (UMNO)
- Khairuddin E. S. Abd. Samad (UMNO)
- Khairul Azwan Harun (UMNO)
- Megat Zulkarnain Omardin (UMNO)
- Mohan Thanarasu (MIC)
- Mustapa Kamal Mohd. Yusoff (UMNO)
- Ong Chong Swen (MCA)
- Paul Low Seng Kuan (MCA)
- Rabiyah Ali (UMNO)
- Rahemah Idris (UMNO)
- Rahimah Mahamad (UMNO)
- Sopiah Sharif (UMNO)
- Vigneswaran Sanasee (MIC)
- Yahaya Mat Ghani (UMNO)

Perlis State Legislative Assembly:
- Kamarudin Abdun (UMNO)
- Sabani Mat (UMNO)

Kedah State Legislative Assembly:
- Ananthan Somasundaram (MIC)
- Mohd. Suhaimi Abdullah (UMNO)

Terengganu State Legislative Assembly:
- Engku Naimah Engku Taib (UMNO)

Pahang State Legislative Assembly:
- Siti Fatimah Yahaya (UMNO)
- Ti Lian Ker (MCA)

Melaka State Legislative Assembly:
- Abidullah Salleh (UMNO)
- Lee Tian Sing (MCA)

Johor State Legislative Assembly:
- Lim Pay Hen (MCA)
- Zahari Sarip (UMNO)

Sabah State Legislative Assembly:
- Abdul Ghani Mohamed Yassin (UMNO)

Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

Members of Parliament of the 14th Malaysian Parliament

Barisan Nasional has 51 MPs in the House of Representatives, with 48 MPs (or 94.1%) of them from UMNO.

State	No.	Parliament Constituency	Member
Perlis	P001	Padang Besar	Zahidi Zainul Abidin	UMNO
Perlis	P003	Arau	Dr. Shahidan Kassim	UMNO
Kedah	P007	Padang Terap	Mahdzir Khalid	UMNO
Kedah	P016	Baling	Abdul Azeez Abdul Rahim	UMNO
Kelantan	P026	Ketereh	Annuar Musa	UMNO
	P027	Tanah Merah	Ikmal Hisham Abdul Aziz	UMNO
	P029	Machang	Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub	UMNO
	P032	Gua Musang	Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah	UMNO
Terengganu	P033	Besut	Idris Jusoh	UMNO
Terengganu	P038	Hulu Terengganu	Rosol Wahid	UMNO
Penang	P041	Kepala Batas	Reezal Merican Naina Merican	UMNO
Penang	P042	Tasek Gelugor	Shabudin Yahaya	UMNO
Perak	P054	Gerik	Hasbullah Osman	UMNO
	P055	Lenggong	Shamsul Anuar Nasarah	UMNO
	P056	Larut	Hamzah Zainudin	UMNO
	P061	Padang Rengas	Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz	UMNO
	P067	Kuala Kangsar	Mastura Mohd. Yazid	UMNO
	P069	Parit	Mohd. Nizar Zakaria	UMNO
	P072	Tapah	M. Saravanan Murugan	MIC
	P073	Pasir Salak	Tajuddin Abd. Rahman	UMNO
	P075	Bagan Datuk	Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi	UMNO
Pahang	P078	Cameron Highlands	C. Sivarraajh Chandran	MIC
	P079	Lipis	Abdul Rahman Mohamad	UMNO
	P081	Jerantut	Ahmad Nazlan Idris	UMNO
	P084	Paya Besar	Mohd. Shahar Abdullah	UMNO
	P085	Pekan	Mohd. Najib Abdul Razak	UMNO
	P086	Maran	Ismail Abdul Muttalib	UMNO
	P087	Kuala Krau	Ismail Mohamed Said	UMNO
	P090	Bera	Ismail Sabri Ya'akob	UMNO
	P091	Rompin	Hasan Arifin	UMNO
Selangor	P092	Sabak Bernam	Mohd. Fasiah Mohd. Fakeh	UMNO
Selangor	P095	Tanjong Karang	Noh Omar	UMNO
Putrajaya	P125	Putrajaya	Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor	UMNO
Negeri Sembilan	P126	Jelebu	Jalaluddin Alias	UMNO
	P127	Jempol	Mohd. Salim Shariff	UMNO
	P131	Rembau	Khairy Jamaluddin Abu Bakar	UMNO
Malacca	P139	Jasin	Ahmad Hamzah	UMNO
Johor	P147	Parit Sulong	Noraini Ahmad	UMNO
	P148	Ayer Hitam	Wee Ka Siong	MCA
	P153	Sembrong	Hishammuddin Hussein	UMNO
	P154	Mersing	Abdul Latiff Ahmad	UMNO
	P155	Tenggara	Adham Baba	UMNO
	P156	Kota Tinggi	Halimah Mohd. Sadique	UMNO
	P157	Pengerang	Azalina Othman Said	UMNO
	P164	Pontian	Ahmad Maslan	UMNO
Sabah	P167	Kudat	Abdul Rahim Bakri	UMNO
	P177	Beaufort	Azizah Mohd. Dun	UMNO
	P178	Sipitang	Yamani Hafez Musa	UMNO
	P183	Beluran	Ronald Kiandee	UMNO
	P184	Libaran	Zakaria Mohd. Edris	UMNO
	P187	Kinabatangan	Bung Moktar Radin	UMNO
Total	Perlis (2), Kedah (2), Kelantan (4), Terengganu (2), Penang (2), Perak (9), Pahang (9), Selangor (2), F.T. Putrajaya (1), Negeri Sembilan (3), Malacca (1), Johor (8), Sabah (6)

Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

Malaysian State Assembly Representatives

Perak State Legislative Assembly

25 / 59

Pahang State Legislative Assembly

25 / 42

Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly

16 / 36

Johor State Legislative Assembly

16 / 56

Melaka State Legislative Assembly

13 / 28

Sabah State Legislative Assembly

12 / 60

Terengganu State Legislative Assembly

10 / 32

Perlis State Legislative Assembly

10 / 15

Kelantan State Legislative Assembly

8 / 45

Selangor State Legislative Assembly

4 / 56

Kedah State Legislative Assembly

3 / 36

Penang State Legislative Assembly

2 / 40

Sarawak State Legislative Assembly

0 / 82

Barisan Nasional state governments

State	Leader type	Member	Party		State Constituency
Perlis	Menteri Besar	Azlan Man		UMNO	Bintong
Pahang	Menteri Besar	Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail		UMNO	Jelai

General election results

Election	Total seats won	Share of seats	Total votes	Share of votes	Outcome of election	Election leader
1974	135 / 154	87.7%	1,287,400	60.8%	135 seats; Governing coalition	Abdul Razak Hussein
1978	131 / 154	85.1%	1,987,907	57.2%	4 seats; Governing coalition	Hussein Onn
1982	132 / 154	85.7%	2,522,079	60.5%	1 seats; Governing coalition	Mahathir Mohamad
1986	148 / 177	83.6%	2,649,263	57.3%	16 seats; Governing coalition	Mahathir Mohamad
1990	127 / 180	70.6%	2,985,392	53.4%	21 seats; Governing coalition	Mahathir Mohamad
1995	162 / 192	84.4%	3,881,214	65.2%	35 seats; Governing coalition	Mahathir Mohamad
1999	148 / 193	76.2%	3,748,511	56.53%	15 seats; Governing coalition	Mahathir Mohamad
2004	198 / 219	90.4%	4,420,452	63.9%	51 seats; Governing coalition	Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
2008	140 / 222	63.1%	4,082,411	50.27%	58 seats; Governing coalition	Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
2013	133 / 222	59.9%	5,237,555	47.38%	7 seats;^[30]Governing coalition	Najib Razak
2018	79 / 222	35.59%	3,794,827	33.96%	54 seats; Opposition	Najib Razak

State election results

State election	State Legislative Assembly
State election	Perlis State Legislative Assembly	Kedah State Legislative Assembly	Kelantan State Legislative Assembly	Terengganu State Legislative Assembly	Penang State Legislative Assembly	Perak State Legislative Assembly	Pahang State Legislative Assembly	Selangor State Legislative Assembly	Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly	Malacca State Legislative Assembly	Johor State Legislative Assembly	Sabah State Legislative Assembly	Sarawak State Legislative Assembly	Total won / Total contested

2/3 majority	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3
1974	12 / 12	24 / 26	36 / 36	27 / 28	23 / 27	31 / 42	32 / 32	30 / 33	21 / 24	16 / 20	31 / 32		30 / 48
1976
1978	12 / 12	19 / 26	23 / 36	28 / 28	20 / 27	32 / 42	32 / 32	29 / 33	21 / 24	16 / 20	31 / 32			239 / 257
1979
1981
1982	11 / 12	24 / 26	26 / 36	23 / 28	25 / 27	38 / 42	31 / 32	31 / 33	22 / 24	18 / 20	32 / 32
1983													30 / 48	30 / 32
1985												6 / 48		6 / 48
1986	14 / 14	25 / 28	29 / 39	30 / 32	23 / 33	33 / 46	32 / 33	37 / 42	24 / 28	17 / 20	35 / 36	1 / 48		300 / 351
1987													28 / 48	28 / 48
1990	14 / 14	26 / 28	0 / 39	22 / 32	19 / 33	33 / 46	31 / 33	35 / 42	24 / 28	17 / 20	32 / 36	0 / 48		253 / 351
1991													49 / 56	49 / 56
1994												23 / 48		23 / 48
1995	15 / 15	34 / 36	7 / 43	25 / 32	32 / 33	51 / 52	37 / 38	45 / 48	30 / 32	22 / 25	40 / 40			338 / 394
1996													57 / 62	57 / 64
1999	12 / 15	24 / 36	2 / 43	4 / 32	30 / 33	44 / 52	30 / 38	42 / 48	32 / 32	21 / 25	40 / 40	31 / 48		312 / 329
2001													60 / 62	60 / 62
2004	14 / 15	31 / 36	21 / 45	28 / 32	38 / 40	52 / 59	41 / 42	54 / 56	34 / 36	26 / 28	55 / 56	59 / 60		452 / 504
2006													62 / 71	62 / 71
2008	14 / 15	14 / 36	6 / 45	24 / 32	11 / 40	28 / 59	37 / 42	20 / 56	21 / 36	23 / 28	50 / 56	59 / 60		307 / 504
2011													55 / 71	55 / 71
2013	13 / 15	21 / 36	12 / 45	17 / 32	10 / 40	31 / 59	30 / 42	12 / 56	22 / 36	21 / 28	38 / 56	48 / 60		275 / 505
2016													77 / 82	77 / 82
2018	10 / 15	3 / 36	8 / 45	10 / 32	2 / 40	24 / 59	25 / 42	4 / 56	16 / 36	13 / 28	16 / 56	12 / 60		143 / 505

References

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^ Sharon Ling; Geryl Ogilvy (12 June 2018). "Sarawak BN parties pull out of coalition to form independent state-based pact". The Star. Retrieved 12 June 2018.

^ Lee Poh Onn (15 June 2018). "Commentary: Free from the shackles of a fallen coalition, does Sarawak parties leaving spell the end of the Barisan Nasional?". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 15 June 2018.

^ "MyPPP leaves BN with immediate effect". New Straits Times. 19 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.

^ "Gerakan leaves Barisan Nasional". New Straits Times. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.

^ Ivan Loh (24 June 2018). "Bagan Serai MP quits Umno, pledges support for Pakatan Harapan". The Star. Retrieved 24 June 2018.

^ "Bukit Gantang MP quits Umno". Free Malaysia Today. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.

^ "Former Puteri Umno chief quits party, upset with results of polls". The Star. 1 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.

^ "Mustapa quits Umno after 40 years - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 2018-09-19.

^ "Anifah: I quit Umno in the interest of Sabah rights - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 2018-09-19.

^ "Labuan MP quits Umno to join Warisan - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 2018-10-11.

^ Rachagan, S. Sothi (1993). Law and the Electoral Process in Malaysia, p. 12. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press.
ISBN 967-9940-45-4.

^ Rachagan, p. 21.

^ Organisational Chart of Barisan Nasional

^ Arno Maierbrugger (16 August 2013). "Malaysia gov't bashed for $155m election ad spending". Investvine. Retrieved 16 August 2013.

Literature

Chok, Suat Ling (4 October 2005). "MPs in the dock". New Straits Times, p. 1, 6.

Chin, James. 2002. Malaysia: The Barisan National Supremacy. In David Newman & John Fuh-sheng Hsieh (eds), How Asia Votes, pp. 210–233. New York: Chatham House, Seven Bridges Press.
ISBN 1-889119-41-5.

Pillai, M.G.G. (3 November 2005). "National Front parties were not formed to fight for Malaysian independence". Malaysia Not Today

External links

Official website

Barisan Nasional on Facebook

[LiowLeifer2014-1] Joseph Liow; Michael Leifer (20 November 2014). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia. Routledge. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-1-317-62233-8..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

[2] Helen Ting. "The Politics of National Identity in West Malaysia: Continued Mutation or Critical Transition? [The Politics of Ambiguity]" (PDF). Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University. J-Stage. p. 3/21 [33] and 5/21 [35]. UMNO came into being in 1946 under the impetus of the Anti-Malayan Union Movement based on this ideological understanding of ketuanan Melayu. Its founding president, Dato’ Onn Jaafar, once said that the UMNO movement did not adhere to any ideology other than Melayuisme, defined by scholar Ariffin Omar as “the belief that the interests of the bangsa Melayu must be upheld over all else”. Malay political dominance is a fundamental reality of Malaysian politics, notwithstanding the fact that the governing coalition since independence, the Alliance [subsequently expanded to form the Barisan Nasional or literally, the “National Front”], is multiethnic in its composition.

[3] Jinna Tay; Graeme Turner (24 July 2015). Television Histories in Asia: Issues and Contexts. Routledge. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-1-135-00807-9.

[4] Timothy J. Lomperis, September 1996, 'From People's War to People's Rule: Insurgency, Intervention, and the Lessons of Vietnam', page 212,
ISBN 0807822736

[5] Jan Senkyr (2013). "Political Awakening in Malaysia". KAS International Reports (7): 73–74.

[6] Anuradha Raghu; Niluksi Koswanage (5 May 2013). "Malaysians vote to decide fate of world's longest-ruling coalition". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 5 May 2013.

[7] Keat Gin Ooi (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.

[cheah-8] Cheah Boon Kheng (2002). Malaysia: The Making of a Nation. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-981-230-175-8.

[9] Dr Nam-Kook Kim (28 February 2014). Multicultural Challenges and Redefining Identity in East Asia. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 219–. ISBN 978-1-4724-0233-2.

[10] John R. Malott (8 July 2011). "Running Scared in Malaysia". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
(subscription required)

[11] Stuart Grudgings; Al-Zaquan Amer Hamzah; Niluksi Koswanage; Raju Gopalakrishnan (5 May 2013). "Malaysia coalition extends rule despite worst electoral showing". Reuters. Retrieved 6 May 2013.

[12] "A dangerous result". The Economist. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.

[13] Avila Geraldine; Norasikin Daineh (11 May 2018). "Warisan now has 35 seats, enough to form state government: Shafie [NSTTV]". New Straits Times. Retrieved 12 May 2018.

[14] "PBS keluar BN, bentuk Gabungan Bersatu" (in Malay). Berita Harian. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.

[15] "PBRS is third party to leave Sabah BN". Malaysiakini. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.

[16] "PBRS wants to work with Warisan". The Borneo Post. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.

[17] Sharon Ling; Geryl Ogilvy (12 June 2018). "Sarawak BN parties pull out of coalition to form independent state-based pact". The Star. Retrieved 12 June 2018.

[18] Lee Poh Onn (15 June 2018). "Commentary: Free from the shackles of a fallen coalition, does Sarawak parties leaving spell the end of the Barisan Nasional?". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 15 June 2018.

[19] "MyPPP leaves BN with immediate effect". New Straits Times. 19 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.

[Gerakan_leaves_Barisan_Nasional-20] "Gerakan leaves Barisan Nasional". New Straits Times. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.

[21] Ivan Loh (24 June 2018). "Bagan Serai MP quits Umno, pledges support for Pakatan Harapan". The Star. Retrieved 24 June 2018.

[22] "Bukit Gantang MP quits Umno". Free Malaysia Today. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.

[23] "Former Puteri Umno chief quits party, upset with results of polls". The Star. 1 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.

[24] "Mustapa quits Umno after 40 years - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 2018-09-19.

[25] "Anifah: I quit Umno in the interest of Sabah rights - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 2018-09-19.

[26] "Labuan MP quits Umno to join Warisan - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 2018-10-11.

[27] Rachagan, S. Sothi (1993). Law and the Electoral Process in Malaysia, p. 12. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press.
ISBN 967-9940-45-4.

[28] Rachagan, p. 21.

[29] Organisational Chart of Barisan Nasional

[30] Arno Maierbrugger (16 August 2013). "Malaysia gov't bashed for $155m election ad spending". Investvine. Retrieved 16 August 2013.

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