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	;
	; Kagoshima
	; "Kagoshima" in kanji; ;
Japanese name
Kanji	; 鹿児島;
Transcriptions
Romanization	; Kagoshima
	;

Kagoshima
; Kagoshima; .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}; 鹿児島市;
	; Core city;
	; Kagoshima City
	; Kagoshima City Skyline and Sakurajima; ;
; ; Flag;	; ; Seal;
	; Nickname(s): "City of Ishin";
	; ; Location of Kagoshima in Kagoshima Prefecture;
	; ; ; ; ; ; Kagoshima; ; ; ; Show map of Japan; ; ; ; ; ; Kagoshima; ; ; ; Kagoshima (Asia); Show map of Asia; ; ; ; ; ; Kagoshima; ; ; ; Kagoshima (Earth); Show map of Earth; ; ;
	; Coordinates: 31°36′N 130°33′E / 31.600°N 130.550°E / 31.600; 130.550Coordinates: 31°36′N 130°33′E / 31.600°N 130.550°E / 31.600; 130.550;
Country	; Japan
Region	; Kyushu;
Prefecture	; Kagoshima Prefecture;
Government;
• Mayor	; Hiroyuki Mori
Area;
• Total	; 547.05 km2 (211.22 sq mi)
Population (January 1, 2015);
• Total	; 606,624
• Density	; 1,108.9/km2 (2,872/sq mi)
Time zone	; UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)
– Tree	; Camphor;
– Flower	; Kyōchikutō
Phone number	; 099-224-1111
Address	; 11-1 Yamashita-machi, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima-ken 892-8677
Website	; www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp;

Core city in Kyushu, Japan

Kagoshima (鹿児島市, Kagoshima-shi, Japanese: [ka̠ɡ̃o̞ɕima̠]) is the capital city of Kagoshima Prefecture at the south western tip of the island of Kyushu in Japan, and the largest city in the prefecture by some margin. It has been nicknamed the "Naples of the Eastern world" for its bay location (Aira Caldera), hot climate, and emblematic stratovolcano, Sakurajima. The city was officially founded on April 1, 1889.

History

Map of the Bombardment of Kagoshima on 15 to 18 August 1863

The city covered deep in ash after the 1914 eruption of the Sakurajima volcano which is seen in the distance across the bay

Kagoshima Prefecture (also known as the Satsuma Domain) was the center of the territory of the Shimazu clan for many centuries. It was a busy political and commercial port city throughout the medieval period and into the Edo period (1603–1868) when it formally became the capital of the Shimazu's fief, the Satsuma Domain. The official emblem is a modification of the Shimazu's kamon designed to resemble the character 市 (shi, "city"). Satsuma remained one of the most powerful and wealthiest domains in the country throughout the period, and though international trade was banned for much of this period, the city remained quite active and prosperous. It served not only as the political center for Satsuma, but also for the semi-independent vassal kingdom of Ryūkyū; Ryūkyūan traders and emissaries frequented the city, and a special Ryukyuan embassy building was established to help administer relations between the two polities and to house visitors and emissaries. Kagoshima was also a significant center of Christian activity in Japan prior to the imposition of bans against that religion in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

Kagoshima was bombarded by the British Royal Navy in 1863 to punish the daimyō of Satsuma for the murder of Charles Lennox Richardson on the Tōkaidō highway the previous year and its refusal to pay an indemnity in compensation.

Kagoshima was the birthplace and scene of the last stand of Saigō Takamori, a legendary figure in Meiji Era Japan in 1877 at the end of the Satsuma Rebellion.

Japan's industrial revolution is said to have started here, stimulated by the young students' train station. Seventeen young men of Satsuma broke the Tokugawa ban on foreign travel, traveling first to England and then the United States before returning to share the benefits of the best of Western science and technology.^[1] A statue was erected outside the train station as a tribute to them.

Kagoshima was also the birthplace of Tōgō Heihachirō. After naval studies in England between 1871 and 1878, Togo's role as Chief Admiral of the Grand Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy in the Russo-Japanese War made him a legend in Japanese military history, and earned him the nickname 'Nelson of the Orient' in Britain. He led the Grand Fleet to two startling victories in 1904 and 1905, completely destroying Russia as a naval power in the East, and thereby contributing to the failed revolution in Russia in 1905.

The Japanese diplomat Sadomitsu Sakoguchi revolutionized Kagoshima's environmental economic plan with his dissertation on water pollution and orange harvesting.

The 1914 eruption of the volcano across the bay from the city spread ash throughout the municipality, but relatively little disruption ensued.^[2]

World War II

On the night of June 17, 1945 the 314th bombardment wing of the Army Air Corps (120 B-29s) dropped 809.6 tons of incendiary and cluster bombs destroying 2.11 square miles (5.46 km²) of Kagoshima (44.1 percent of the built-up area). Kagoshima was targeted because of its largely expanded naval port as well as its position as a railway terminus. A single B-29 was lost to unknown circumstances. Area bombing was chosen over precision bombing because of the cloudy weather over Japan during the middle of June. The planes were forced to navigate and bomb entirely by radar.^[3]

Japanese intelligence predicted that the Allied Forces would assault Kagoshima and the Ariake Bay areas of southern Kyushu to gain naval and air-bases to strike Tokyo.

Geography

Kagoshima City is approximately 40 minutes from Kagoshima Airport, and features shopping districts and malls located wide across the city. Transportation options in the city include the Shinkansen (bullet train), local train, city trams, buses, and ferries to-and-from Sakurajima. The large and modern Kagoshima City Aquarium, situated near a shopping district known as "Dolphin Port" and the Sakurajima Ferry Terminal, was established in 1997 along the docks and offers a direct view of Sakurajima. One of the best places to view the city (and Sakurajima) is from the Amuran Ferris wheel atop of Amu Plaza Kagoshima, and the shopping center attached to the central Kagoshima-Chūō Station. Just outside the city is the early-Edo Period Sengan-en Japanese Garden. The garden was originally a villa belonging to the Shimazu clan and is still maintained by descendants today. Outside the garden grounds is a Satsuma "kiriko" cut-glass factory where visitors are welcome to view the glass blowing and cutting processes, and the Shoko Shūseikan Museum, which was built in 1865 and registered as a National Historic Site in 1959. The former Shuseikan industrial complex and the former machine factory were submitted to the UNESCO World Heritage as part of a group list titled Modern Industrial Heritage Sites in Kyushu and Yamaguchi Prefecture.

Administrative division

On August 1, 1934 – the Villages of Yoshino, Nakagōriu and Nishitakeda, all from Kagoshima District, were merged into Kagoshima.^[4]

On October 1, 1950 – the Villages of Ishiki and Higashisakurajima (both from Kagoshima District) were merged into Kagoshima.^[4]

On April 29, 1967 – the Cities of Kagoshima and Taniyama were merged and became city of new Kagoshima.^[5]

On November 1, 2004 – the Towns of Yoshida and Sakurajima (both from Kagoshima District); the Towns of Matsumoto and Koriyama (both from Hioki District); and the town of Kiire (from Ibusuki District) were merged into Kagoshima.

Neighboring Municipalities

Cities: Aira, Hioki, Ibusuki, Minamikyūshū, Minamisatsuma, Satsumasendai, Tarumizu

Climate

Kagoshima has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), possessing the highest year average temperature and winter average temperature in mainland Japan. It is marked by cool, relatively dry winters, warm, wet springs, hot, wet summers and mild, and relatively dry falls.

Climate data for Kagoshima, Kagoshima (1981–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	23.9 (75)	24.1 (75.4)	27.6 (81.7)	30.2 (86.4)	31.6 (88.9)	34.5 (94.1)	36.6 (97.9)	37.0 (98.6)	35.7 (96.3)	32.4 (90.3)	29.5 (85.1)	24.7 (76.5)	37.0 (98.6)
Average high °C (°F)	12.8 (55)	14.3 (57.7)	17.0 (62.6)	21.6 (70.9)	25.2 (77.4)	27.6 (81.7)	31.9 (89.4)	32.5 (90.5)	30.1 (86.2)	25.4 (77.7)	20.3 (68.5)	15.3 (59.5)	22.8 (73)
Daily mean °C (°F)	8.5 (47.3)	9.8 (49.6)	12.5 (54.5)	16.9 (62.4)	20.8 (69.4)	24.0 (75.2)	28.1 (82.6)	28.5 (83.3)	26.1 (79)	21.2 (70.2)	15.9 (60.6)	10.6 (51.1)	18.6 (65.5)
Average low °C (°F)	4.6 (40.3)	5.7 (42.3)	8.4 (47.1)	12.7 (54.9)	17.1 (62.8)	21.0 (69.8)	25.3 (77.5)	25.6 (78.1)	22.8 (73)	17.5 (63.5)	11.9 (53.4)	6.7 (44.1)	14.9 (58.8)
Record low °C (°F)	−5.7 (21.7)	−6.7 (19.9)	−3.9 (25)	−1.0 (30.2)	3.9 (39)	9.0 (48.2)	15.9 (60.6)	16.5 (61.7)	9.3 (48.7)	2.6 (36.7)	−1.5 (29.3)	−5.5 (22.1)	−6.7 (19.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	77.5 (3.051)	112.1 (4.413)	179.7 (7.075)	204.6 (8.055)	221.2 (8.709)	452.3 (17.807)	318.9 (12.555)	223.0 (8.78)	210.8 (8.299)	101.9 (4.012)	92.4 (3.638)	71.3 (2.807)	2,265.7 (89.201)
Average snowfall cm (inches)	3 (1.2)	1 (0.4)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.4)	4 (1.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	8.9	8.8	12.9	10.4	10.0	14.6	11.2	10.5	10.2	7.2	7.3	7.7	119.8
Average snowy days	2.3	1.8	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	5.4
Average relative humidity (%)	65	66	69	71	71	78	76	76	73	70	69	69	71
Mean monthly sunshine hours	136.9	129.1	145.7	160.5	171.0	122.4	191.1	206.7	168.8	183.4	152.0	151.3	1,918.9
Source: ^[6]

Demographics

As of 1 January 2015, Kagoshima City has an estimated population of 606,624 and a population density of 1,108.9 persons per km². The total area is 546.71 km² (211 sq mi). According to the April 2014 issue of the Kagoshima Prefectural Summary by the Kagoshima Prefecture Department of Planning and Promotion, the population of the prefecture at large is 1,680,319. The city's total area nearly doubled between 2003 and 2005 as a result of five towns: the towns of Kōriyama and Matsumoto (both from Hioki District) the town of Kiire (from Ibusuki District) and the towns of Sakurajima and Yoshida (both from Kagoshima District). All areas were merged into Kagoshima City on 1 November 2004.

Culture

An image taken from the International Space Station showing Kagoshima and its surroundings on January 10, 2013

Food

Kagoshima Prefecture has a distinct and rich food culture. The warm weather and diverse environments allow for the agriculture and aquaculture of Kagoshima to thrive and gain nationwide and worldwide recognition for unique and quality products. Numerous restaurants around Kagoshima feature Satsuma Province local cuisine. Popular cuisine incorporating local agriculture include kibinago　sashimi (silver-striped herring), buri Amberjack, kampachi yellowtail, "Black Label Products" such as kuro-ushi Wagyu beef, kuro-buta Berkshire pork dishes, and kuro-Satsuma jidori chicken (sometimes served as raw, chicken sashimi); smoked eel, keihan, and miki (fermented rice milk consumed among residents of the Amami Islands).

Satsuma age

Satsuma age, or deep-fried fish cake, comes in great variety in Kagoshima. Though the deep-fried fishcake can be found throughout the country, the Satsuma Domain (modern-day Kagoshima Prefecture) is commonly believed to be the birthplace of the snack. It is said, though, the concept was introduced from the Ryūkyū Kingdom (modern-day Okinawa Prefecture) by Satsuma Lord, Nariakira Shimazu.

Sweets

There are many types of sweets produced in Kagoshima Prefecture. Kagoshima-based Seika Foods Co., Ltd. (セイカ食品株式会社: Seika shokuhin kabushiki-kaishahas produced some of Japan's most popular and timeless sweets such as hyōroku mochi Bontan Ame (ボンタンアメ), Satsuma Imo Caramel (さつまいもキャラメル), and green tea-flavored Hyōroku mochi, Minami "shirokuma" shaved ice desserts, etc. Traditional treats outside of Seika Food Co., Ltd. products include karukan (sweet cakes made from steamed yams and rice flour), jambo-mochi, kokutō brown sugar from the Amami Islands, getanha brown sugar cake, etc.

Beverages

Kagoshima City Hall

In 1559, at Kōriyama Hachiman Shrine (郡山八幡神社) in Izumi City (伊佐市) a carpenter wrote atop a wooden board "the Shintō Priest of this shrine is too stingy to offer me Shōchū (焼酎)" showing an early love for the spirits. Kagoshima Prefecture is officially recognized (by the World Trade Organization) as the home to one of the most traditional beverages of Japan, shōchū. In Kagoshima there are 113+ distilleries, producing about 1,500 highly acclaimed brands, placing Kagoshima in the top for production quantity and shipment. While visiting Kagoshima, one may notice labels reading Honkaku-shōchū (本格焼酎). Honkaku-shōchū is a distilled beverage produced with traditional skills using ingredients such as natural spring water, sweet potatoes, locally-grown sugar cane, and grains. There is a variety of honkaku-shōchū including Imo-jōchū (芋焼酎, shōchū distilled from sweet potatoes), Mugi-jōchū (麦焼酎, distilled from barley), Kome-jōchū (米焼酎, distilled from rice), etc. Another type of shōchū is Kokutō-shōchū (黒糖焼酎, shōchū distilled with brown sugar). Shōchū has long gained international favor and has come to be comparable to Bordeaux for wine, Scotch for whiskey, and Cognac for brandy. Also, the Amami Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture are the only areas sanctioned to bear the label of kokutō-shōchū.

Kurozu (黒酢) or black vinegar is another item of the "Black Label Products" of Kagoshima, the other of which is Kokutō-shōchū. There are a number of kurozu farms around Kagoshima, most of which are located around the Kirishima area. Most kurozu farms produce kurozu bottled vinegar (fermented for a single year, 2+ years) along with other items such as salad dressing, powders, capsules, spices, candy, etc. Kurozu also comes in different flavors such as grape, orange, ume plum, etc. though the most popular flavor by far is apple. The farms are open to visitations and often offer tours.

Dialect

Today, Kagoshima is home to a distinctive dialect of Japanese known as Satsugū dialect (薩隅方言 Satsugū Hōgen) or Kagoshima dialect (鹿児島弁 Kagoshima-ben), differing from the usual Kyushu dialects with its pronunciations of the yotsugana.

Points of interest

Tenmonkan G3

Ishibashi Park

Kagoshima Aquarium

Kagoshima Botanical Garden

Museum of the Meiji Restoration

Sengan-en Garden

Tenmonkan shopping arcade

Events and festivals

Ibusuki Nanohana Marathon (いぶすき菜の花マラソン, January)

Senganen Garden Classical Poetry Party (仙巌園の「曲水の宴」, June)

Fukiage Sand Festival (Fukiagehama suna-no-saiten text吹上浜砂の祭典, May)

Spider Fighting (Kumo Gassen くも合戦大会, June)

Kinko Bay Summer Nite Fireworks Show (July)

Ogionsaa Festival (おぎおんさぁ, July)

Rokugatsudō Festival (六月灯, July)

Sōgadon-no-kasayaki Umbrella Burning Festival (曽我どんの傘焼き, July)

Sendai City Great Tug-of-War (Sendai Ō-tsunahiki 川内大綱引, September)

Kagoshima Ōhara Festival (November)

Kagoshima Ōhara Dancing Festival in November

2015 National Cultural Festival (October–November |Official Website: http://kagoshima-kokubunsai.jp/)

Education

High schools

Japanese La Salle Academy

Transportation

Kagoshima-Chūō Station

Kagoshima city tram Taniyama Line

Kyushu Expressway

Railways

All lines are operated by Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu)

Kyushu Shinkansen
- Kagoshima-Chūō Station

Kagoshima Main Line
- Satsuma-Matsumoto Station – Kami-Ijuin Station – Hiroki Station – Kagoshima-Chuo Station – Kagoshima Station

Nippo Main Line
- Ryugamizu Station – Kagoshima Station

Ibusuki Makurazaki Line
- Kagoshima-Chuo Station – Korimoto Station – Minami-Kagoshima Station – Usuki Station – Taniyama Station – Jigenji Station – Sakanoue Station – Goino Station – Hirakawa Station – Sesekushi Station – Nakamyo Station – Kiire Station – Maenohama Station – Nukumi Station

Tramway

Kagoshima city tram Taniyama Line

Kagoshima city tram Korimoto Line

Highways

National Route 3

National Route 10

National Route 58

National Route 224

National Route 225

National Route 226

National Route 328

Kyushu Expressway

Minami-Kyushu Expressway

Ibusuki Skyline

Bus

Kagoshima City Bus

Kagoshima Kotsu

Iwasaki Bus Network

Nangoku Kotsu

JR Kyushu bus

MTA Bus

Ferry/Jetfoil

Sakurajima Ferry

A Line (to southern islands)

Marix Line (to southern islands)

RKK Line (to Okinawa, cargo only)

Toppy (to Tanegashima and Yakushima)

Seahawk (to Koshikijima Islands)

Airport

Kagoshima Airport in Kirishima (35 km (22 miles) NE of Kagoshima)

Sports

Kagoshima was one of the host cities of the official 1998 Women's Volleyball World Championship. Kagoshima is home to Kagoshima United. They play their home games at Kagoshima Kamoike Stadium.

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Kagoshima is twinned with:^[7]

National

Hagi, Yamaguchi, Japan

Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan

Ōgaki, Gifu, Japan

Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan^[7]

International

Changsha, China (friendship relationship, since 30 October 1982)^[7]

Miami, United States (since 1 November 1990)^[7]

Naples, Italy (since 3 May 1960)^[7]

Perth, Australia (since 23 April 1974)^[7]

Naples Street in Kagoshima

Perth Street in Kagoshima

Miami Street in Kagoshima

Kyogetsu-Tei (Changsha)

Shimazu clan (Satsuma domain)

1st Family Head- Shimazu Tadahisa – Japanese daimyō, founder of the Shimazu clan, a son of Minamoto no Yoritomo.

Notable people from Kagoshima Prefecture

Akira Yanagawa - Japanese motorcycle racer

Akitsune Imamura (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese seismologist

Bernardo the Japanese – Japanese Christian convert, disciple of Saint Francis Xavier, and the first Japanese to set foot in Europe

Chitose Hajime (Amami Islands, Kagoshima) – Japanese singer

Emi Hashino (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese comedian

Hiroko Ōta (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese politician, economic researcher

Hiroshi Kawauchi (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese politician

Ichinoya Mitsuru (Tokunoshima Island, Kagoshima) – Sumo wrestler

Ikki Sawamura (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese model, actor, TV presenter

Ikue Asazaki (Amami Islands, Kagoshima) – Japanese singer

Izumi Inamori (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese actress

Junichi Miyashita (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese swimmer

Kaneta Kimotsuki (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese voice actor

Kazuo Inamori (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese philanthropist, entrepreneur, founder of Kyocera Corporation and KDDI Corporation, and current chairman of Japan Airlines

Kenji Midori (Amami Islands, Kagoshima) – 5th Kyokushin Karate World Champion

Koji Maeda (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese football player

Kiyotaka Kuroda (Satsuma Domain) – Japanese politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Japan

Kota Ibushi (Aira, Kagoshima) – Japanese Professional Wrestler

Kousuke Atari (Amami Islands, Kagoshima) – Japanese singer

Kyokunankai Hiromitsu (Tokunoshima Island, Kagoshima) – Sumo wrestler

Mika Nakashima (Hioki, Kagoshima) – Japanese singer and actress

Morihiko Nakahara (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese conductor

Norihiro Nakajima (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese manga artist of Astro Team, etc.

Rena Takeshita (Amami Islands, Kagoshima) – Japanese model

Ryuji Fujiyama (Sakurajima, Kagoshima) – Japanese football player

Saigō Takamori (Satsuma Domain) – Japanese politician, samurai

Saori Sakoda (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese volleyball player

Seiki Kuroda (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese artist

Shinobu Kaitani – Japanese manga artist

Takehiko Inoue (Okuchi, Kagoshima) – Japanese manga artist of Slam Dunk, Vagabond, Real

Takuya Shiihara (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese football player

Toru Kamikawa (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese football referee

Toshimichi Ōkubo (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese statesman, samurai, and one of the Three Great Nobles who led to the Meiji Restoration

Yasuhito Endō (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese football player

Yoshito Kajiya (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese politician

Yuki Kashiwagi – (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese idol singer

Sakura Miyawaki – Japanese idol singer

Yuya Hikichi (Kagoshima City, Kagoshima) – Japanese football player

Sachie Matsushita, piano player and composer

References

^ Blacker, Carmen; Cortazzi, Hugh (1 September 1999). "Collected Writings of Modern Western Scholars on Japan: Carmen Blacker, Hugh Cortazzi and Ben-Ami Shillony". Psychology Press – via Google Books..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

^ "Kagoshima", Illustrated London News. 24 January 1914.

^ Headquarters, XXI Bomber Command APO 234, "Tactical Mission Report Mission No. 206-209." June 18, 1945.

^ ^a^b 角川日本地名大辞典 46 鹿児島県 p.678

^ 角川日本地名大辞典 46 鹿児島県 p.417

^ "気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）". Japan Meteorological Agency.

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f 姉妹・友好・兄弟都市 [Twin cities]. Kagoshima International Affairs Division (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2013-06-02. Retrieved 2013-08-08.

Amu Plaza Visitors Guide (2006) available in Amu Plaza, Chūō Station, Kagoshima, Japan

角川日本地名大辞典 46 鹿児島県. Kadokawa Shoten. 1983-03-08. ISBN 4-04-001460-X.

External links

Kagoshima travel guide from Wikivoyage

Geographic data related to Kagoshima at OpenStreetMap

Kagoshima City official website (in Japanese)

Kagoshima Prefectural Visitors Bureau official website

Kagoshima Visitor's Guide from the Kagoshima Internationalization Council

[1] Blacker, Carmen; Cortazzi, Hugh (1 September 1999). "Collected Writings of Modern Western Scholars on Japan: Carmen Blacker, Hugh Cortazzi and Ben-Ami Shillony". Psychology Press – via Google Books..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

[2] "Kagoshima", Illustrated London News. 24 January 1914.

[3] Headquarters, XXI Bomber Command APO 234, "Tactical Mission Report Mission No. 206-209." June 18, 1945.

[kadokawa678-4] 角川日本地名大辞典 46 鹿児島県 p.678

[5] 角川日本地名大辞典 46 鹿児島県 p.417

[6] "気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）". Japan Meteorological Agency.

[Kagoshima_twinning-7] 姉妹・友好・兄弟都市 [Twin cities]. Kagoshima International Affairs Division (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2013-06-02. Retrieved 2013-08-08.

Kagoshima

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