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Sarah Palin
9th Governor of Alaska
In office December 4, 2006 – July 26, 2009
Lieutenant	Sean Parnell
Preceded by	Frank Murkowski
Succeeded by	Sean Parnell
Chair of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission
In office February 19, 2003 – January 23, 2004
Governor	Frank Murkowski
Deputy	Mike Bill Randy Ruedrich Daniel Seamount
Preceded by	Camille Taylor
Succeeded by	John Norman
Mayor of Wasilla
In office October 14, 1996 – October 14, 2002
Preceded by	John Stein
Succeeded by	Dianne Keller
Member of the Wasilla City Council
In office October 19, 1992 – October 14, 1996
Ward	Seat E
Preceded by	Dorothy Smith
Succeeded by	Colleen Cottle
Personal details
Born	Sarah Louise Heath (1964-02-11) February 11, 1964 (age 54) Sandpoint, Idaho, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Todd Palin (m. 1988)
Children	5, including Bristol
Education	University of Hawaii, Hilo Hawaii Pacific University North Idaho College Matanuska-Susitna College University of Idaho, Moscow (BA)
Signature
Website	Official website

This article is part of a series about Sarah Palin
McCain–Palin campaign, 2008 Candidate for Vice President of the United States Governorship (2006–2009) Resignation as Governor Electoral history Early political career Political positions Public image Saturday Night Live parodies Going Rogue: An American Life Sarah Palin's Alaska
v t e

Sarah Louise Palin (/ˈpeɪlɪn/ ( listen); née Heath; born February 11, 1964) is an American politician, commentator, author, and reality television personality, who served as the ninth Governor of Alaska from 2006 until her resignation in 2009. As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 2008 election alongside presidential nominee, Arizona Senator John McCain, she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major political party and the first Republican woman selected as a vice presidential candidate. Her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies.

She was elected to the Wasilla city council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996. In 2003, after an unsuccessful run for lieutenant governor, she was appointed chair of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, responsible for overseeing the state's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency. In 2006, she became the youngest person and the first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska.^[1]

Since her resignation as governor, she has endorsed and campaigned for the Tea Party movement as well as several candidates in multiple election cycles, prominently including Donald Trump for president in 2016. From 2010 to 2015, she provided political commentary for Fox News.^[2] On April 3, 2014, Palin premiered her TV show, Amazing America with Sarah Palin, on the Sportsman Channel, which ran until February 12, 2015.^[3][4] On July 27, 2014, Palin launched the online news network called the Sarah Palin Channel, which was closed on July 4, 2015.^[5]

Early life and family

Palin was born in Sandpoint, Idaho, the third of four children (three daughters and one son) of Sarah "Sally" Heath (née Sheeran), a school secretary, and Charles R. "Chuck" Heath, a science teacher and track-and-field coach. Palin's siblings are Chuck Jr., Heather, and Molly.^{[6][7][8][9][10]} Palin is of English, Irish, and German ancestry.^[11]

When Palin was a few months old, the family moved to Skagway, Alaska,^[12] where her father received his teaching job.^[13] They relocated to Eagle River in 1969 and finally settled in Wasilla in 1972.^[14][15]

Palin played flute in the junior high band and then attended Wasilla High School, where she was the head of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes^[16] and a member of the girls' basketball and cross-country running teams.^[17] During her senior year, she was co-captain and point guard of the basketball team that won the 1982 Alaska state championship, earning the nickname "Sarah Barracuda" for her competitive streak.^[18][19][20]

In 1984, Palin won the Miss Wasilla beauty pageant,^[21] then finished third (as second runner-up) in the Miss Alaska pageant, where she also got the title of "Miss Congeniality".^[22][23][24] She played the flute in the talent portion of the contest.^[25] One author reports that she received the Miss Congeniality award in the Miss Wasilla contest (but this is disputed by another contestant and classmate of Palin's)^[21] and a college scholarship.^[18]

College

After graduating from high school in 1982, Palin enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Hilo.^[26] Shortly after arriving in Hawaii, Palin transferred to Hawaii Pacific University in Honolulu for a semester in the fall of 1982 and then to North Idaho College, a community college in Coeur d'Alene, for the spring and fall semesters of 1983.^[27] She enrolled at the University of Idaho in Moscow for an academic year starting in August 1984 and then attended Matanuska-Susitna College in Alaska in the fall of 1985. Palin returned to the University of Idaho in January 1986 and received her bachelor's degree in communications with an emphasis in journalism in May 1987.^{[27][28][29][30]}

In June 2008, the Alumni Association of North Idaho College gave Palin its Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award.^[27][31]

Early career and marriage

After graduation, she worked as a sportscaster for KTUU-TV and KTVA-TV in Anchorage^[32][33] and as a sports reporter for the Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman,^[34][35] fulfilling an early ambition.^[36]

In August 1988, she eloped with her high school sweetheart, Todd Palin.^[37] Following the birth of their first child in April 1989, she helped in her husband's commercial fishing business.^[38]

Early political career

City council

Palin was elected to the Wasilla City Council in 1992, winning 530 votes to 310.^[39][40] Throughout her tenure on the city council and the rest of her political career, Palin has been a Republican since registering in 1982.^[41]

Mayor of Wasilla

Concerned that revenue from a new Wasilla sales tax would not be spent wisely,^[42] Palin ran for mayor of Wasilla in 1996, defeating incumbent mayor John Stein^[37] 651 to 440 votes.^[43] Her biographer described her campaign as targeting wasteful spending and high taxes;^[18] her opponent, Stein, said that Palin introduced abortion, gun rights, and term limits as campaign issues.^[44] The election was nonpartisan, though the state Republican Party ran advertisements for Palin.^[44] She ran for reelection against Stein in 1999 and won, 909 votes to 292.^[45] In 2002, she completed the second of the two consecutive three-year terms allowed by the city charter.^[46] She was elected president of the Alaska Conference of Mayors in 1999.^[47]

First term

Palin had a contretemps with the Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman, a local newspaper, and reportedly became involved in personnel challenges and "a thwarted attempt to pack the City Council" during her first year in office.^[48] Using income generated by a 2% sales tax that had been approved by Wasilla voters in October 1992,^[49] Palin cut property taxes by 75% and eliminated personal property and business inventory taxes.^[50][51] Using municipal bonds, she made improvements to the roads and sewers and increased funding to the police department.^[44] She oversaw creation of new bike paths and procured funding for storm-water treatment to protect freshwater resources. At the same time, she shrank the local museum's budget and deterred talk of a new library and city hall.^[50]

Soon after taking office in October 1996, Palin eliminated the position of museum director^[52] and asked for updated resumes and resignation letters from "city department heads who had been loyal to Stein",^[53] including the police chief, public works director, finance director, and librarian.^[54] Palin stated this request was to find out their intentions and whether they supported her. She temporarily required department heads to get her approval before talking to reporters, saying they first needed to become acquainted with her administration's policies.^[54] She created the position of city administrator^[44] and reduced her own $68,000 salary by 10%, although by mid 1998 this was reversed by the city council.^[55]

In October 1996, Palin asked library director Mary Ellen Emmons if she would object to the removal of a book from the library if people were picketing to have the book removed.^[56] Emmons responded that she would, and others as well.^[56] Palin stated that she had not been proposing censorship but had been discussing many issues with her staff that were "both rhetorical and realistic in nature."^[56] No attempt was made to remove books from the library during Palin's tenure as mayor.^[57]

Palin said she fired Police Chief Irl Stambaugh because he did not fully support her efforts to govern the city.^[58] Stambaugh filed a lawsuit alleging wrongful termination and violation of his free speech rights.^[59] The judge dismissed Stambaugh's lawsuit, holding that the police chief served at the discretion of the mayor and could be terminated for nearly any reason, even a political one,^[60][61] and ordered Stambaugh to pay Palin's legal fees.^[60]

Second term

During her second term as mayor, Palin proposed and promoted the construction of a municipal sports center to be financed by a 0.5%^[44] sales tax increase and $14.7 million bond issue.^[62] Voters approved the measure by a 20-vote margin, and the Wasilla Multi-Use Sports Complex (later named the Curtis D. Menard Memorial Sports Center) was built on time and under budget. However, the city spent an additional $1.3 million because of an eminent domain lawsuit caused by the city's failure to obtain clear title to the property before beginning construction.^[62] The city's long-term debt grew from about $1 million to $25 million because of expenditures of $15 million for the sports complex, $5.5 million for street projects, and $3 million for water improvement projects. The Wall Street Journal characterized the project as a "financial mess."^[62] A city council member defended the spending increases as being necessitated by the city's growth during that time.^[63]

Palin also joined with nearby communities in hiring the Anchorage-based lobbying firm of Robertson, Monagle & Eastaugh to lobby for federal funds. The firm secured nearly $8 million in earmarks for the Wasilla city government,^[64] including $500,000 for a youth shelter, $1.9 million for a transportation hub, and $900,000 for sewer repairs.^[65] In 2008, Wasilla's current mayor credited Palin's 75 percent property tax cuts and infrastructure improvements with bringing "big-box stores" and 50,000 shoppers per day to Wasilla.^[39]

State-level politics

In 2002, Palin ran for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor, coming in second to Loren Leman in a five-way Republican primary.^[66] Following her defeat, she campaigned throughout the state for the nominated Republican governor-lieutenant governor ticket of Frank Murkowski and Leman.^[67] Murkowski and Leman won and Murkowski resigned from his long-held U.S. Senate seat in December 2002 to assume the governorship. Palin was said to be on the "short list" of possible appointees to Murkowski's U.S. Senate seat,^[67] but Murkowski ultimately appointed his daughter, State Representative Lisa Murkowski, as his successor in the Senate.^[68]

Governor Murkowski offered other jobs to Palin, and in February 2003 she accepted an appointment to the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, which oversees Alaska's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency.^[67] While she had little background in the area, she said she wanted to learn more about the oil industry and was named chair of the commission and ethics supervisor.^[67][69][70] By November 2003 she was filing nonpublic ethics complaints with the state attorney general and the governor against a fellow commission member, Randy Ruedrich, a former petroleum engineer and at the time the chair of the state Republican Party.^[67] He was forced to resign in November 2003.^[67] Palin resigned in January 2004 and put her protests against Ruedrich's "lack of ethics" into the public arena^[18][67] by filing a public complaint against Ruedrich,^[71] who was then fined $12,000. She joined with Democratic legislator Eric Croft^[72] in complaining that Gregg Renkes, then the attorney general of Alaska,^[73] had a financial conflict of interest in negotiating a coal exporting trade agreement.^[74][75] Renkes also resigned his post.^[18][70]

From 2003 to June 2005, Palin served as one of three directors of "Ted Stevens Excellence in Public Service, Inc.," a 527 group designed to provide political training for Republican women in Alaska.^[76] In 2004, Palin told the Anchorage Daily News that she had decided not to run for the U.S. Senate that year against the Republican incumbent, Lisa Murkowski, because her teenage son opposed it. Palin said, "How could I be the team mom if I was a U.S. Senator?"^[77]

Governor of Alaska

Palin visits soldiers of the Alaska National Guard, July 24, 2007

In 2006, running on a clean-government platform, Palin defeated incumbent Governor Frank Murkowski in the Republican gubernatorial primary.^[78][79] Her running mate was Sean Parnell.^[80]

In the November election Palin was outspent but victorious, defeating former Democratic governor Tony Knowles by a margin of 48.3% to 40.9%.^[18] She became Alaska's first female governor and, at the age of 42, the youngest governor in Alaskan history, the state's first governor to have been born after Alaska achieved U.S. statehood, and the first not to be inaugurated in Juneau (she chose to have the ceremony held in Fairbanks instead). She took office on December 4, 2006, and for most of her term was very popular with Alaska voters. Polls taken in 2007 showed her with 93% and 89% popularity among all voters,^[81] which led some media outlets to call her "the most popular governor in America."^[72][81] A poll taken in late September 2008 after Palin was named to the national Republican ticket showed her popularity in Alaska at 68%.^[82] A poll taken in May 2009 showed Palin's popularity among Alaskans was at 54% positive and 41.6% negative.^[83]

Palin declared that top priorities of her administration would be resource development, education and workforce development, public health and safety, and transportation and infrastructure development. She had championed ethics reform throughout her election campaign. Her first legislative action after taking office was to push for a bipartisan ethics reform bill. She signed the resulting legislation in July 2007, calling it a "first step" and declaring that she remained determined to clean up Alaska politics.^[84]

Palin frequently broke with the Alaskan Republican establishment.^[85][86] For example, she endorsed Parnell's bid to unseat the state's longtime at-large U.S. Representative, Don Young,^[87] and she publicly challenged then-U.S. Senator Ted Stevens to come clean about the federal investigation into his financial dealings. Shortly before his July 2008 indictment, she held a joint news conference with Stevens, described by The Washington Post as intended to "make clear she had not abandoned him politically."^[76] She promoted the development of oil and natural-gas resources in Alaska, including drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Proposals to drill for oil in ANWR have occasioned national debate.^[88]

In 2006, Palin obtained a passport^[89] and in 2007 traveled for the first time outside of North America on a trip to Kuwait. There she visited the Khabari Alawazem Crossing at the Kuwait–Iraq border and met with members of the Alaska National Guard at several bases.^[90] On her return journey she visited injured soldiers in Germany.^[91]

Budget, spending, and federal funds

Palin in Germany, July 2007

In June 2007, Palin signed a record $6.6 billion operating budget into law.^[92] At the same time, she used her veto power to make the second-largest cuts of the capital budget in state history. The $237 million in cuts represented over 300 local projects and reduced the capital budget to $1.6 billion.^[93]

In 2008, Palin vetoed $286 million, cutting or reducing funding for 350 projects from the FY09 capital budget.^[94]

Palin followed through on a campaign promise to sell the Westwind II jet, a purchase made by the Murkowski administration for $2.7 million in 2005 against the wishes of the legislature.^[95]
In August 2007, the jet was listed on eBay, but the sale fell through, and the plane later sold for $2.1 million through a private brokerage firm.^[96]

Gubernatorial expenditures

Palin lived in Juneau during the legislative session and lived in Wasilla and worked out of offices in Anchorage the rest of the year. Since the office in Anchorage is 565 miles from Juneau, while she worked there, state officials said she was permitted to claim a $58 per diem travel allowance, which she took (a total of $16,951), and to reimbursement for hotels, which she did not, choosing instead to drive about 50 miles to her home in Wasilla.^[97] She elected not to use the former governor's private chef.^[98] Republicans and Democrats criticized Palin for taking the per diem and $43,490 in travel expenses on occasions when her family accompanied her on state business.^[99][100] Palin's staffers responded that these practices were in line with state policy, that her gubernatorial expenses were 80% below those of Murkowski, her predecessor,^[99] and that "many of the hundreds of invitations Palin receives include requests for her to bring her family, placing the definition of 'state business' with the party extending the invitation."^[97] In February 2009, the State of Alaska, reversing a policy that had treated the payments as legitimate business expenses under the Internal Revenue Code, decided that per diems paid to state employees for stays in their own homes will be treated as taxable income and will be included in employees' gross income on their W-2 forms.^[101] Palin herself had ordered the review of the tax policy.^[102]

In December 2008, an Alaska state commission recommended increasing the governor's annual salary from $125,000 to $150,000. Palin stated that she would not accept the pay raise.^[103] In response, the commission dropped the recommendation.^[104]

Federal funding

In her State of the State address on January 17, 2008, Palin declared that the people of Alaska "can and must continue to develop our economy, because we cannot and must not rely so heavily on federal government [funding]."^[105] Alaska's federal congressional representatives cut back on pork-barrel project requests during Palin's time as governor; despite this, in 2008 Alaska was still the largest per-capita recipient of federal earmarks, requesting nearly $750 million in special federal spending over a period of two years.^[106]

While there is no state sales tax or income tax in Alaska, royalty revenues from the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field (consisting mostly of state-owned lands) have funded large state budgets since 1980, with the exact amounts largely dependent upon the prevailing price of petroleum. As a result, state revenues doubled to $10 billion in 2008. For the 2009 budget, Palin gave a list of 31 proposed federal earmarks or requests for funding, totaling $197 million, to Alaska's senior U.S. Senator Ted Stevens.^[107][108] Palin has stated that her decreasing support for federal funding was a source of friction between her and the state's congressional delegation; Palin requested less in federal funding each year than her predecessor Frank Murkowski requested in his last year.^[109]

Bridge to Nowhere

Palin while visiting Ketchikan during her gubernatorial campaign in 2006

In 2005, before Palin was elected governor, Congress passed an omnibus spending bill that contained a $442-million earmark for constructing two Alaska bridges. The Gravina Island Bridge, intended to provide a link between the Ketchikan airport on Gravina Island and the city of Ketchikan at a cost of $233 million in federal grant money, received nationwide attention as a symbol of pork-barrel spending. As the island only has a population of 50, the bridge became known as the "Bridge to Nowhere." The public furor led to Congress removing the earmarks, but retaining the allotted funds to Alaska as part of its general transportation fund.^[110]

In 2006, Palin ran for governor with a "build-the-bridge" plank in her platform,^[111] saying she would "not allow the spinmeisters to turn this project ... into something that's so negative."^[112] Palin criticized the use of the word "nowhere" as insulting to local residents^[111][113] and urged speedy work on building the infrastructure "while our congressional delegation is in a strong position to assist."^[113]

As governor, Palin canceled the Gravina Island Bridge in September 2007, saying that Congress had "little interest in spending any more money" due to "inaccurate portrayals of the projects."^[114] Alaska did not return the $442 million in federal transportation funds.^[115]

In 2008, as a vice-presidential candidate, Palin characterized her position as having told Congress "thanks, but no thanks, on that bridge to nowhere." A number of Ketchikan residents said that the claim was false and a betrayal of Palin's previous support for their community.^[115] Some critics said that her statement was misleading, as she had expressed support for the spending project and kept the federal money after the project was canceled.^[116]

Palin was criticized for allowing construction of a 3-mile access road, built with $25 million in federal transportation funds set aside as part of the original bridge project, to continue. A spokesman for Alaska's Department of Transportation said that it was within Palin's power to cancel the road project, but noted the state was considering cheaper designs to complete the bridge project, and that in any case, the road would open up the surrounding lands for development.^[117][118]

Gas pipeline

In August 2008, Palin signed a bill authorizing the State of Alaska to award TransCanada Pipelines—the sole bidder to meet the state's requirements—a license to build and operate a pipeline to transport natural gas from the Alaska North Slope to the continental United States through Canada.^[119] The governor also pledged $500 million in seed money to support the project.^[120]

It was estimated that the project would cost $26 billion.^[119]Newsweek described the project as "the principal achievement of Sarah Palin's term as Alaska's governor."^[121] The pipeline also faces legal challenges from Canadian First Nations.^[121]

Predator control

In 2007, Palin supported a 2003 Alaska Department of Fish and Game policy allowing the hunting of wolves from the air as part of a predator control program intended to increase moose and caribou populations for subsistence-food gatherers and other hunters.^[122][123] In March 2007, Palin's office announced that a bounty of $150 per wolf would be paid to the 180 volunteer pilots and gunners in five areas of Alaska to offset fuel costs. In the prior four years, 607 wolves had been killed. State biologists wanted 382 to 664 wolves to be killed by the end of the predator-control season in April 2007. Wildlife activists sued the state, and a state judge declared the bounty illegal on the basis that a bounty would have to be offered by the Board of Game and not by the Department of Fish and Game.^[122][124] On August 26, 2008, Alaskans voted against ending the state's predator control program.^[125]

Public Safety Commissioner dismissal

Palin dismissed Public Safety Commissioner Walt Monegan on July 11, 2008, citing performance-related issues, such as not being "a team player on budgeting issues"^[126] and "egregious rogue behavior."^[127] Palin attorney Thomas Van Flein said that the "last straw" was Monegan's planned trip to Washington, D.C., to seek funding for a new, multimillion-dollar sexual assault initiative the governor hadn't yet approved.^[128] Monegan said that he had resisted persistent pressure from Palin, her husband, and her staff, including state Attorney General Talis J. Colberg, to fire Palin's ex-brother-in-law, Alaska State Trooper Mike Wooten; Wooten was involved in a child custody battle with Palin's sister after a bitter divorce that included an alleged death threat against Palin's father.^[129][130] At one point Sarah and Todd Palin hired a private investigator to gather information, seeking to have Wooten officially disciplined.^[131] Monegan stated that he learned an internal investigation had found all but two of the allegations to be unsubstantiated, and Wooten had been disciplined for the others – an illegal moose killing and the tasering of his 11-year-old stepson, who had reportedly asked to be tasered.^[130] He told the Palins that there was nothing he could do because the matter was closed.^[132] When contacted by the press for comment, Monegan first acknowledged pressure to fire Wooten but said that he could not be certain that his own firing was connected to that issue;^[130] he later asserted that the dispute over Wooten was a major reason for his firing.^[133] Palin stated on July 17 that Monegan was not pressured to fire Wooten, nor dismissed for not doing so.^[126][132]

Monegan said the subject of Wooten came up when he invited Palin to a birthday party for his cousin, state senator Lyman Hoffman, in February 2007 during the legislative session in Juneau. "As we were walking down the stairs in the capitol building she wanted to talk to me about her former brother-in-law," Monegan said. "I said, 'Ma'am, I need to keep you at arm's length with this. I can't deal about him with you.^[134] She said, 'OK, that's a good idea.'"^[130]

Palin said there was "absolutely no pressure ever put on Commissioner Monegan to hire or fire anybody, at any time. I did not abuse my office powers. And I don't know how to be more blunt and candid and honest, but to tell you that truth. To tell you that no pressure was ever put on anybody to fire anybody." Todd Palin gave a similar account.^[135]

On August 13, she acknowledged that a half dozen members of her administration had made more than two dozen calls on the matter to various state officials. "I do now have to tell Alaskans that such pressure could have been perceived to exist, although I have only now become aware of it", she said.^{[132][134][136]} Palin said, "Many of these inquiries were completely appropriate. However, the serial nature of the contacts could be perceived as some kind of pressure, presumably at my direction."^[126][137]

Chuck Kopp, whom Palin had appointed to replace Monegan as public safety commissioner, received a $10,000 state severance package after he resigned following just two weeks on the job. Kopp, the former Kenai chief of police, resigned July 25 following disclosure of a 2005 sexual harassment complaint and letter of reprimand against him. Monegan said that he did not receive a severance package from the state.^[126]

Legislative investigation

On August 1, 2008, the Alaska Legislature hired an investigator, Stephen Branchflower, to review the Monegan dismissal. Legislators stated that Palin had the legal authority to fire Monegan, but they wanted to know whether her action had been motivated by anger at Monegan for not firing Wooten.^[138] The atmosphere was bipartisan and Palin pledged to cooperate.^[138][139] Wooten remained employed as a state trooper.^[131] She placed an aide on paid leave due to a tape-recorded phone conversation that she deemed improper, in which the aide, appearing to act on her behalf, complained to a trooper that Wooten had not been fired.^[140]

Several weeks after the start of what the media referred to as "troopergate", Palin was chosen as John McCain's running mate.^[138] On September 1, Palin asked the legislature to drop its investigation, saying that the state Personnel Board had jurisdiction over ethics issues.^[141] The Personnel Board's three members were first appointed by Palin's predecessor, and Palin reappointed one member in 2008.^[142] On September 19, Todd Palin and several state employees refused to honor subpoenas, the validity of which were disputed by Talis Colberg, Palin's appointee as Alaska's attorney general.^[143] On October 2, a court rejected Colberg's challenge to the subpoenas,^[144] and seven of the witnesses, not including Todd Palin, eventually testified.^[145]

Branchflower Report

On October 10, 2008, the Alaska Legislative Council unanimously voted to release, without endorsing,^[146] the Branchflower Report, in which investigator Stephen Branchflower found that firing Monegan "was a proper and lawful exercise of her constitutional and statutory authority," but that Palin abused her power as governor and violated the state's Executive Branch Ethics Act when her office pressured Monegan to fire Wooten.^[147] The report stated that "Governor Palin knowingly permitted a situation to continue where impermissible pressure was placed on several subordinates to advance a personal agenda, to wit: to get Trooper Michael Wooten fired."^[148] The report also said that Palin "permitted Todd Palin to use the Governor's office [...] to continue to contact subordinate state employees in an effort to find some way to get Trooper Wooten fired."^[148][149]

On October 11, Palin's attorneys responded, condemning the Branchflower Report as "misleading and wrong on the law."^[150] One of Palin's attorneys, Thomas Van Flein, said that it was an attempt to "smear the governor by innuendo."^[151] Later that day, Palin did a conference call interview with various Alaskan reporters, where she stated, "Well, I'm very, very pleased to be cleared of any legal wrongdoing... Any hint of any kind of unethical activity there. Very pleased to be cleared of any of that."^[152]

Alaska Personnel Board investigation and report

The bipartisan State of Alaska Personnel Board reviewed the matter at Palin's request.^[153] On September 15, the Anchorage law firm of Clapp, Peterson, Van Flein, Tiemessen & Thorsness filed arguments of "no probable cause" with the Personnel Board on behalf of Palin.^[154][155] The Personnel Board retained independent counsel Timothy Petumenos, a Democrat, as an investigator. On October 24, Palin gave three hours of depositions with the Personnel Board in St. Louis, Missouri.^[156] On November 3, 2008, the State of Alaska Personnel Board reported that there was no probable cause to believe that Palin or any other state official had violated state ethical standards.^{[157][158][159][160][161]} The report further stated that the Branchflower Report used the wrong statute in reaching its conclusions, misconstrued the available evidence and did not consider or obtain all of the material evidence required to properly reach findings in the matter.^[157]

Job approval ratings

As governor of Alaska, Palin's job approval rating ranged from a high of 93% in May 2007 to 54% in May 2009.^[162]

Resignation

On July 3, 2009, Palin announced that she would not run for reelection in the 2010 Alaska gubernatorial election and would resign before the end of the month. In her announcement, Palin stated that since August 2008, both she and the state had been spending an "insane" amount of time and money ($2.5 million) responding to "opposition research," 150 FOIA requests and 15 "frivolous" legal ethics complaints filed by "political operatives" against her.^{[172][173][174][175]} Her decision not to seek reelection and to resign from office would enable her to avoid being a lame duck politician. She said, "I'm not putting Alaska through that ...".^[174] Contrary to most reports, it has been reported that her decision had been in the works for months, accelerating as it became clear that controversies and endless ethics investigations were threatening to overshadow her legislative agenda. A source close to Palin said, "Attacks inside Alaska and largely invisible to the national media had paralyzed her administration [and] she was no longer able to do the job she had been elected to do. Essentially, the taxpayers were paying for Sarah to go to work every day and defend herself."^[175] Palin and her husband Todd had personally incurred more than $500,000 in legal fees defending against ethics charges brought against her as governor even though all the complaints were dismissed. Lt. Governor Sean Parnell said it "really had to do with the weight on her, the concern she had for the cost of all the ethics investigations and the like – the way that weighed on her with respect to her inability to just move forward Alaska's agenda on behalf of Alaskans in the current context of the environment."^[172] Lieutenant Governor Sean Parnell became governor on July 26, 2009 in an inaugural ceremony in Fairbanks, upon Palin's resignation taking effect.^[176]

In December 2010, new rules governing Alaska executive branch ethics, stemming from Palin's tenure as governor, took effect.^[177]
"These include allowing for the state to pay legal costs for officials cleared of ethics violations; (and) allowing for a family member of the governor or lieutenant governor to travel at state cost in certain circumstances ..."^[177]

2008 vice-presidential campaign

Palin addresses the 2008 Republican National Convention in Saint Paul, Minnesota

Several conservative commentators met Palin in the summer of 2007.^[178] Some of them, such as Bill Kristol, later urged McCain to pick Palin as his vice presidential running mate, arguing that her presence on the ticket would provide a boost in enthusiasm among the Religious Right wing of the Republican party, while her status as an unknown on the national scene would also be a positive factor.^[179]

On August 24, 2008, during a general strategy meeting, Steve Schmidt, and a few other senior advisers to the McCain campaign, discussed potential vice presidential picks with the consensus settling around Palin. The following day, the strategists advised McCain of their conclusions and he personally called Palin, who was at the Alaska State Fair.^[180]

On August 27, she visited McCain's vacation home near Sedona, Arizona, where she was offered the position of vice-presidential candidate.^[181] According to Jill Hazelbaker, a spokeswoman for McCain, he had previously met Palin at the National Governors Association meeting in Washington in February 2008 and had come away "extraordinarily impressed."^[182] Palin was the only prospective running mate who had a face-to-face interview with McCain to discuss joining the ticket that week.^[183] Nonetheless, Palin's selection was a surprise to many because a main criticism he had of Obama was his lack of experience, and speculation had centered on other candidates, such as Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty, Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut, and former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge.^[184] On August 29, in Dayton, Ohio, McCain announced he had chosen Palin as his running mate,^[184] making her the first Alaskan and the second woman to run on a major U.S. party ticket.^[184]

As Palin was largely unknown outside Alaska before her selection by McCain, her personal life, policy positions, and political record drew intense media scrutiny.^[185] On September 1, 2008, Palin announced that her daughter Bristol was pregnant and that she would marry the father, Levi Johnston.^[186] During this period, some Republicans felt that Palin was being unfairly attacked by the media.^[187] Timothy Noah of Slate magazine predicted that Palin's acceptance speech would be "wildly overpraised" and might end speculation that she was unqualified for the job of vice president because the press had been beating her up for "various trivial shortcomings" and had lowered the expectations for her speech.^[188] On September 3, 2008, Palin delivered a 40-minute acceptance speech at the Republican National Convention that was well received and watched by more than 40 million people.^[189]

The Palins and McCains in Fairfax, Virginia, September 2008

During the campaign, controversy erupted over alleged differences between Palin's positions as a gubernatorial candidate and her position as a vice-presidential candidate. After McCain announced Palin as his running mate, Newsweek and Time put Palin on their magazine covers,^[190] as some of the media alleged that McCain's campaign was restricting press access to Palin by allowing only three one-on-one interviews and no press conferences with her.^[191] Palin's first major interview, with Charles Gibson of ABC News, met with mixed reviews.^[192] Her interview five days later with Fox News Channel's Sean Hannity went more smoothly and focused on many of the same questions from Gibson's interview.^[193] Palin's performance in her third interview with Katie Couric, of CBS News, was widely criticized; her poll numbers declined, Republicans expressed concern that she was becoming a political liability, and some conservative commentators called for Palin to resign from the Presidential ticket.^[194][195] Other conservatives remained ardent in their support for Palin, accusing the columnists of elitism.^[196] Following this interview, some Republicans, including Mitt Romney and Bill Kristol, questioned the McCain campaign's strategy of sheltering Palin from unscripted encounters with the press.^[197]

Palin reportedly prepared intensively for the October 2 vice-presidential debate with Democratic vice-presidential nominee Joe Biden at Washington University in St. Louis. Some Republicans suggested that Palin's performance in the interviews would improve public perceptions of her debate performance by lowering expectations.^{[194][198][199]} Polling from CNN, Fox and CBS found that while Palin exceeded most voters' expectations, they felt that Biden had won the debate.^[200][201]

Upon returning to the campaign trail after her debate preparation, Palin stepped up her attacks on the Democratic candidate for President, Illinois Senator Barack Obama. At a fundraising event, Palin explained her new aggressiveness, saying, "There does come a time when you have to take the gloves off and that time is right now."^[202] Palin said that her first amendment right to "call Obama out on his associations" was threatened by "attacks by the mainstream media."^[203]

Palin appeared on Saturday Night Live's "Weekend Update" segment on October 18. Prior to her appearance, she had been parodied several times by Tina Fey, who was noted for her physical resemblance to the candidate.^[204] In the weeks leading up to the election, Palin was also the subject of amateur parodies posted on YouTube.^[205]

Controversy arose after it was reported that the Republican National Committee (RNC) spent $150,000 of campaign contributions on clothing, hair styling, and makeup for Palin and her family in September 2008. Campaign spokespersons stated the clothing would be going to charity after the election.^[206] Palin and some media outlets blamed gender bias for the controversy.^[207][208] At the end of the campaign, Palin returned the clothes to the RNC.^[209]

The election took place on November 4, and Obama was projected as the winner at 11:00 PM EST.^[210] In his concession speech McCain thanked Palin, calling her "one of the best campaigners I've ever seen, and an impressive new voice in our party for reform and the principles that have always been our greatest strength."^[210] While aides were preparing the teleprompter for McCain's speech, they found a concession speech written for Palin by George W. Bush speechwriter Matthew Scully. Two members of McCain's staff, Steve Schmidt and Mark Salter, told Palin that there was no tradition of Election Night speeches by running mates, and that she would not be speaking. Palin appealed to McCain, who agreed with his staff.^[211]

Political scientists have debated the impact that Palin had on the outcome of the 2008 presidential election.^{[212][213][214]} A 2010 study in the journal Electoral Studies found that "her campaign performance cost McCain just under 2% of the final vote share."^[212] However, a 2013 study in journal Political Research Quarterly failed to find an adverse impact.^[213]

After the 2008 election

Rallying with Saxby Chambliss in Savannah, Georgia, December 2008

Palin was the first guest on commentator Glenn Beck's Fox News television show on January 19, 2009, commenting on Barack Obama that he would be her president and that she would assist in any way to bring progress to the nation without abandoning her conservative views.^[215]

In August 2009, she coined the phrase "death panel", to describe rationing of care as part of the proposed health care reform. She stated that it would require Americans such as her parents or her child with Down syndrome, "to stand in front of Obama's 'death panel' so his bureaucrats can decide, based on a subjective judgment of their 'level of productivity in society,' whether they are worthy of health care."^[216] The phrase was criticized by many Democrats and Politifact named it the "Lie of the Year of 2009."^[217] However, conservatives disputed this and defended her use of the term.^[218]

In March 2010, Palin started a show to be aired on TLC called Sarah Palin's Alaska.^[219] The show was produced by Mark Burnett.^[220] Five million viewers tuned in for the premiere episode, a record for TLC.^[221] Palin also secured a segment on Fox News.^[220] Two guests that she was shown to have interviewed claimed to have never met her. Guests LL Cool J and Toby Keith stated that footage shown on the segment was actually taken from another interview with someone else, but was used in Palin's segment.^[222] Fox News and Palin ended this relationship in January 2013.^[223] But on June 13, 2013, Palin rejoined Fox News Channel as an analyst.^[224]

On December 8, 2010, it was reported that SarahPAC and Palin's personal credit card information were compromised through cyber attacks. Palin's team believed the attack was executed by Anonymous during Operation Payback.^[225] The report was met with skepticism in the blogosphere.^[226] Palin's email had been hacked once before in 2008.^[227]

SarahPAC

On January 27, 2009, Palin formed the political action committee, SarahPAC.^[228]Michael Glassner, a former aide to Palin, was appointed as the chief of staff of SarahPac.^[229] The organization, which describes itself as an advocate of energy independence,^[230] supports candidates for federal and state office.^[231] Following her resignation as governor, Palin announced her intention to campaign "on behalf of candidates who believe in the right things, regardless of their party label or affiliation."^[232] It was reported that SarahPAC had raised nearly $1,000,000.^[233] A legal defense fund was set up to help Palin challenge ethics complaints, and it had collected approximately $250,000 by mid-July 2009.^[233][234] In June 2010, Palin's defense fund was ruled illegal and was required to pay back $386,856 it collected in donations because it used Palin's position as governor to raise money for her personal gain. Palin subsequently set up a new defense fund.^[235] In the 2010 cycle it raised $5.6 million, spending $4.3 million, however only $509,000 went to candidates or political or party committees. In the 2016 election cycle, it spent $830,000 on consultants but provided only $82,500 to candidates, while spending $168,000 on travel and lodging, about twice what it gave to candidates. She endorsed Donald Trump. Sarah PAC was terminated as of December 31, 2016.^[236]

In the wake of the January 8, 2011 shooting of Rep. Gabrielle Giffords, Palin faced criticism for her SarahPAC website's inclusion of a political graphic that included a crosshair^[237] over Giffords's district. Palin responded on her Facebook page to the criticism, saying that "Acts of monstrous criminality stand on their own. They begin and end with the criminals who commit them", equating the accusations of her role in the shooting to a "blood libel".^{[238][239][240]} Her response sparked a fiery debate attracting support and criticism.^[241] An ABC News-Washington Post poll found that 46% of respondents viewed Palin's response unfavorably, 30% approved and 24% had no opinion.^[242]

Going Rogue and America by Heart

Palin on the campaign trail in 2008

In November 2009, Palin released her memoir, Going Rogue: An American Life, in which she details her private and political career, including her resignation as Governor of Alaska. Palin said she took the title from the phrase 'gone rogue' used by McCain staffers to describe her behavior when she spoke her mind on the issues during the campaign.^[243] The subtitle, "An American Life," mirrors the title of President Ronald Reagan's 1990 autobiography.^[244] Less than two weeks after its release, sales of the book exceeded the one million mark, with 300,000 copies sold the first day. Its bestseller rankings were comparable to memoirs by Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama.^{[245][246][247]}

Palin traveled to 11 states in a bus, with her family accompanying her, to promote the book. She made a number of media appearances as well, including a widely publicized interview on November 16, 2009, with Oprah Winfrey.^[248] In November 2010 HarperCollins released Palin's second book, titled America by Heart.^{[249][250][251]} The book contains excerpts from Palin's favorite speeches, sermons and literature as well as portraits of people Palin admires, including some she met in rural America on her first book tour.^[249]

Tea Party movement

On February 6, 2010, Palin was the keynote speaker at the first Tea Party convention in Nashville, Tennessee. Palin said the Tea Party movement is "the future of politics in America."^[252] She criticized Obama for rising deficits, and for "apologizing for America" in speeches in other countries. Palin said Obama was weak on the War on Terror for allowing the so-called Christmas bomber to board a plane headed for the United States.^[253]

Palin addressing a Labor Day rally sponsored by the Tea Party Express (Manchester, NH), 2011

On April 16, 2011, Palin was the keynote speaker at an annual tax day tea party rally at the state capitol in Madison, Wisconsin sponsored by Americans for Prosperity, a conservative political advocacy group headquartered in Arlington, Virginia.^[254]

On Labor Day, September 5, 2011, Palin was the featured speaker at a Tea Party Express rally in Manchester, New Hampshire's Victory Park. She addressed a large enthusiastic crowd. Palin told the attendees that it was time to grow the Tea Party movement and it was important for them to avoid internal bickering with Establishment Republicans.^[255] She told the crowd, "The Tea Party movement is bigger than any one person and is not about any one candidate."^[256]

"Pink Elephant" movement and 2010 endorsements

In the middle of 2010, Palin flagged the launch of a new "Pink Elephant Movement".^{[257][not in citation given]} She set about endorsing a number of female GOP candidates.^[258] Her endorsement helped Georgia Gubernatorial candidate Karen Handel to take the lead in the campaign for the Republican nomination,^[259] although Handel lost the primary. Palin endorsed several female candidates nationally. Ryan Rudominer, a spokesman for the House Democratic campaign operation called her involvement in various U.S. House campaigns a "great thing across the board".^[260] She spoke at a May 2010 fundraiser for the Susan B. Anthony List, a pro-life political advocacy group and political action committee that supports pro-life women in politics, in which she coined the term "mama grizzly".^[261][262] Palin endorsed Nikki Haley for the Republican nomination for Governor of South Carolina three weeks before the election. At the time of the endorsement, Haley was polling last among Republicans; she ended up winning the nomination and general election.^[263]

In the months ahead of the November 2010 elections, Palin endorsed 64 Republican candidates,^[264] and was a significant fundraising asset to those she campaigned for during the primary season.^[265] According to Politico, Palin's criteria for endorsing candidates was whether they had the support of the Tea Party movement and the support of the Susan B. Anthony List.^[266] In terms of success, Palin was 7–2 for Senate endorsements; 7–6 for House endorsements; and 6–3 in endorsements of gubernatorial candidates in races that were considered 'competitive'.^[267] Palin's endorsement of Joe Miller in the August 24 Alaska primary election for U.S. Senator was identified as a pivotal moment in Miller's upset of the incumbent Republican Senator Lisa Murkowski.^[268][269] After losing the Republican Party primary to Miller, Murkowski ran as a write-in candidate, defeating both Miller and Democrat Scott McAdams in the general election, winning with a plurality. This made her only the second U.S. Senator, the first write-in candidate to be elected since Strom Thurmond in the United States Senate election in South Carolina, 1954.^[270] According to The Daily Beast reporter Shushannah Walshe, Christine O'Donnell's unlikely prospects of upsetting establishment Republican candidate Mike Castle "changed overnight" due to Palin's endorsement. O'Donnell defeated Castle in the September 14 primary for Joe Biden's former Senate seat in Delaware.^[271] Her O'Donnell endorsement further increased tensions between Palin and the Republican establishment: leading conservative commentator Charles Krauthammer described the endorsement as "reckless and irresponsible".^[272] Party strategist Karl Rove argued that it may have been Palin's endorsement of O'Donnell that ultimately cost the GOP the Delaware Senate seat.^[273] Commentators including Politico's Ben Smith posited that Palin's support of O'Donnell contributed to dashing Republican hopes of regaining control of the U.S. Senate.^[274] Another Palin endorsement carried Nevada's Sharron Angle to a 40.1% primary win,^[275] in the race to beat highly endangered incumbent Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, but the controversial Angle's nomination sank those chances. Reid prevailed 50.3% to 44.6% in the 2010 election, despite his losing 14 of Nevada's 17 counties.^[276][277] Angle had led by as much as 11% in March and June Rasmussen polling.^[278][279]

Palin's influence over the primaries nonetheless further increased speculation that she would seek to be the party's nominee for President in 2012,^[280] with political pundits such as David Frum and Jonathan Chait identifying Palin as the front-runner.^[281][282]

2012 election cycle and candidacy speculation

Palin speaking at the 2014 Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in National Harbor, Maryland

Beginning in November 2008, following Palin's high profile in the presidential campaign, an active "Draft Palin" movement started.^[283] On February 6, 2010, when asked on Fox News whether she would run for president in 2012, she replied, "I would be willing to if I believe that it's right for the country."^[284] She added, "I won't close the door that perhaps could be open for me in the future."^[285]

In November 2010 Palin confirmed that she was considering running for the Presidency, and was "having that discussion with my family". She said she realised her level of experience could cause problems with winning the nomination, and criticized the "lamestream media" for focusing attention on her personal life.^[286]

In March 2011, Palin and her husband toured India at the invitation of Indian newsmagazine India Today,^[287] subsequently visiting Israel.^[288] During the tour she was asked about her future candidacy; she said, "I don't think there needs to be a rush to get out there as a declared candidate. It's a life-changing decision."^[289] In response to another question, she said "It's time that a woman is president of the United States of America."^[290]

In 2011 Palin said the home she had recently purchased in Scottsdale, Arizona was not a full-time residence,^[291] and denied that she was planning to run for the Arizona Senate seat of the retiring Jon Kyl.^[292] On October 5, 2011, Palin said she had decided not to seek the Republican nomination for President.^[293]

2014 Alaska gubernatorial election endorsement

Palin speaking at the 2015 CPAC in National Harbor

In October 2014, Palin endorsed the "unity ticket" of Independent Bill Walker and Democrat Byron Mallott in the 2014 Alaska gubernatorial election, which ran against her successor and former lieutenant governor, Sean Parnell.^[294] The endorsement was prompted by Parnell's oil-and-gas industry tax-cuts, which dismantled her administration's "Alaska's Clear and Equitable Share" (ACES) plan. She had previously supported a referendum to repeal the tax cuts, which was narrowly defeated in August 2014.^[295] Walker and Mallott made the repeal of the tax cuts a centerpiece of their campaign.^[296] Walker and Mallott won the governorship in the November 2014 election with 48.1 percent of the vote, versus 45.9 percent for the Republican ticket.^[297]

2016 campaign

In January 2016 Palin announced her endorsement of Donald Trump.^[298] The political director of Trump's campaign, Michael Glassner, helped to win Palin's endorsement; he had been an aide to Palin while she was governor, and was also the chief of staff of her political action committee, SarahPAC.^[299]

In a May 2016 interview with CNN's Jake Tapper, Palin said she would work to defeat Republican Speaker of the House Paul Ryan. Palin cited Ryan's reluctance to support Trump for president.^[300] In early August, Palin said again that she supported Paul Nehlen, a little-known Republican challenger to Ryan, despite Trump's announced support of Ryan.^[301] A few days later, Ryan overwhelmingly defeated Nehlen in the Republican primary, taking over 84 percent of the vote.^[302]

2017 defamation lawsuit

In June 2017, Palin filed a defamation lawsuit against The New York Times for an editorial that accused Palin of "political incitement" in the run-up to the 2011 shooting of Democratic congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords, and claimed a link to an advertisement from Palin's political action committee—which showed stylized crosshairs against the congressional districts held by 20 Democrats, including Giffords.^[303][304]The Times later issued a correction, stating that "no such link was established" between the advertisement and the shooting, and clarifying that what was depicted in the crosshairs in the ads were "electoral districts, not individual Democratic lawmakers." The Times wrote that the error did not "undercut or weaken the argument of the piece."^[303] In subsequent testimony at an evidentiary hearing, Times editorial page editor James Bennet stated that the editorial sought to make a point about heated political rhetoric, and was not intended to blame Palin for the attack on Giffords.^[305]

Palin's lawsuit was dismissed by the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York in August 2017. Judge Jed S. Rakoff ruled that Palin had failed to show malice, writing: "What we have here is an editorial, written and rewritten rapidly in order to voice an opinion on an immediate event of importance, in which are included a few factual inaccuracies somewhat pertaining to Mrs. Palin that are very rapidly corrected. Negligence this may be; but defamation of a public figure it plainly is not."^[305]

Political positions

• Palin has been a registered Republican since 1982.^[306]
  

Health care

• Palin opposed the 2010 health care reform package, saying it would lead to rationing of health care by a bureaucracy, which she described using the term "death panels". This legislation is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as modified by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.^[307]
  

Social issues

• Palin opposes same-sex marriage.^[308]
  


• She opposes abortion including cases of rape, incest, and embryonic stem cell research.^[309] She supports parental consent as a requirement for female minors seeking an abortion.^[310]
  


• She supports capital punishment.^[311]
  


• She has called marijuana use a "minimal issue" and suggested that arresting cannabis users should be a low priority for local police, though she opposes legalizing the substance.^[312]
  

Education

• Palin supports sex education in public schools that encourages sexual abstinence along with teaching about contraception.^[313] (See Comprehensive sex education.)


• She supports discussion of creationism during lessons on evolution in public schools.^[314] Palin believes evolution "should be taught as an accepted principle" and said that her belief in God's role in Earth's creation "is not part of the state policy or a local curriculum in a school district. Science should be taught in science class."^[315] (See Creation–evolution controversy.)

Guns

• A Life Member of the National Rifle Association (NRA),^[316] Palin interprets the Second Amendment as including the right to handgun possession and opposes bans on semi-automatic assault weapons.^[317] She supports gun safety education for youth.^[318]
  

Environment

• Palin supports off-shore drilling, and land-based drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.^[88][319] When commenting on the Gulf Coast oil disaster Palin said, "I repeat the slogan 'drill here, drill now.'"^[320] She said, "I want our country to be able to trust the oil industry."^[321] Palin asked supporters to read an article by Thomas Sowell that criticized Obama for having BP pay to an escrow fund.^[322]
  


• Palin considers herself a conservationist^[323] and during the 2008 campaign demonstrated her skepticism about global warming politics,^[324] saying "of global warming, climate change, whether it's entirely, wholly caused by man's activities or is part of the cyclical nature of our planet...John McCain and I agree that we have to make sure that we're doing all we can to cut down on pollution."^[325] She opposed cap-and-trade proposals contained in the yet to be defeated ACES energy bill.^[326] Speaking at a 2009 Department of Interior hearing, Palin acknowledged that "many believe" a global effort to reduce greenhouse gases is needed. She stated, "[S]topping domestic energy production of preferred fuels does not solve the issues associated with global warming and threatened or endangered species, but it can make them worse ... These available fuels are required to supply the nation's energy needs during the transition to green energy alternatives."^[327] After the election and the Climategate scandal, Palin spoke at a 2010 California logging conference calling studies supporting global climate change as "snake oil science". She criticized heavy-handed environmental laws and cited her 2008 suit, as Alaska's governor, against the federal government to overturn the listing of polar bears as a threatened species. She considered environmental regulations as an economic burden to businesses trying to recover from the recession and environmental activists as wanting to "lock up the land".^[323]
  

Foreign policy

Palin in Kuwait, July 26, 2007

• Palin is a strong supporter of Israel.^[328][329] Referring to Iran's threat to Israel, Palin said Obama would be reelected if "he played the war card. Say he decided to declare war on Iran or decided really come out and do whatever he could to support Israel, which I would like him to do."^[330]
  


• On foreign policy, Palin supported the Bush Administration's policies in Iraq, but was concerned that "dependence on foreign energy" may be obstructing efforts to "have an exit plan in place".^[331][332] Palin supports preemptive military action in the face of an imminent threat, and supports U.S. military operations in Pakistan. Palin supports NATO membership for Ukraine and Georgia,^[333] and affirms that if Russia invaded a NATO member, the United States should meet its treaty obligations.^[334]
  


• On foreign policy, Palin supported the surge strategy in Iraq, the use of additional ground forces in Afghanistan, and, in general, maintaining a strong defensive posture by increasing the defense budget.^{[citation needed]}
  


• Palin opposed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action which placed limits on Iran's nuclear program, on the grounds that the treaty was not strict enough. In a September 9, 2015 speech, she said, "Only in an Orwellian Obama world full of sparkly fairy dust blown from atop his unicorn as he's peeking through a pretty pink kaleidoscope would he ever see victory or safety for America or Israel in this treaty."^[335]
  

Public image

Prior to the 2008 Republican National Convention, a Gallup poll found that most voters were unfamiliar with Sarah Palin. During her campaign to become vice president, 39% said Palin was ready to serve as president if needed, 33% said Palin was not, and 29% had no opinion. This was "the lowest vote of confidence in a running mate since the elder George Bush chose then-Indiana senator Dan Quayle to join his ticket in 1988."^[336] Following the convention, her image came under close media scrutiny,^[185][337] particularly with regard to her religious perspective on public life, her socially conservative views, and her perceived lack of experience. Palin's experience in foreign and domestic politics came under criticism among conservatives as well as liberals following her nomination.^{[338][339][340][341]} At the same time, Palin became more popular than John McCain among Republicans.^[342]

One month after McCain announced Palin as his running mate, she was viewed both more favorably and unfavorably among voters than her opponent, Delaware Senator Joe Biden.^[343] A plurality of the television audience rated Biden's performance higher at the 2008 vice-presidential debate.^[343][344]

Media outlets repeated Palin's statement that she "stood up to Big Oil" when she resigned after 11 months as the head of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, due to abuses she witnessed involving other Republican commissioners and their ties to energy companies and energy lobbyists, and again when she raised taxes on oil companies as governor.^[345][346] In turn, others have said that Palin is a "friend of Big Oil" due to her advocacy for oil exploration and development including for drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and for the de-listing of the polar bear as an endangered species.^[345][346]

Palin was named one of America's "10 Most Fascinating People of 2008" by Barbara Walters for an ABC special on December 4, 2008.^[347] In April 2010, she was selected as one of the world's 100 most influential people by TIME Magazine.^[348]

Personal life

The Palin's home in Wasilla

Sarah and Todd Palin married on August 29, 1988, and they have five children: sons Track Cj (born 1989)^[349][350] and Trig Paxson Van (born 2008), and daughters Bristol Sheeran Marie^[351] (born 1990), Willow Bianca Faye (born 1994), and Piper Indy Grace (born 2001).^[352][353] Palin's youngest child, Trig, born 2008, was prenatally diagnosed with Down syndrome.^[354]

Palin has five grandchildren, three by Bristol ^[355][356]
and two by Track.^[357]

Her husband Todd worked for oil company BP as an oil-field production operator, retiring in 2009, and owns a commercial fishing business.^[42][358]

Palin was "baptized Catholic as a newborn" as her mother, Sally, had been raised Catholic. However, the Heath family "started going to non-denominational churches" thereafter.^[359] Later, her family joined the Wasilla Assembly of God, a Pentecostal church,^[360] which she attended until 2002.^[361] Palin then switched to the Wasilla Bible Church.^[362] Several news reports posted immediately after McCain named her his running mate called her the first Pentecostal/charismatic believer to appear on a major-party ticket.^[363] Palin does not use the term "Pentecostal" but says she is a "Bible-believing Christian".^[359]

Publications

• 
  Going Rogue: An American Life (2009)


• 
  America by Heart: Reflections on Family, Faith, and Flag (2010)


• 
  I Hope Like Heck (2011)


• 
  Good Tidings and Great Joy: Protecting the Heart of Christmas (2013)


• 
  Sweet Freedom: A Devotional (2015)

See also

• List of female governors in the United States

References

External links

Look up Palinista, Palinism, or refudiate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• 
  SarahPAC (Sarah Palin Political Action Committee) (Official)


• 
  Sarah Palin's channel on YouTube
  


• 
  Sarah Palin on IMDb


• 
  Sarah Palin at Curlie (based on DMOZ)


• 
  Appearances on C-SPAN