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Altona
Borough of Hamburg
Sol LeWitt, Black Form Dedicated to the Missing Jews, townhall Altona (Altona-Altstadt).
Coat of arms
Location of Altona
Altona Show map of Germany Altona Show map of Hamburg
Coordinates: 53°33′0″N 9°56′0″E / 53.55000°N 9.93333°E / 53.55000; 9.93333Coordinates: 53°33′0″N 9°56′0″E / 53.55000°N 9.93333°E / 53.55000; 9.93333
Country	Germany
State	Hamburg
City	Hamburg
Borough	Altona
Founded	1535
Area
• Total	77.5 km2 (29.9 sq mi)
Population (31.12.2016)
• Total	270,263
• Density	3,500/km2 (9,000/sq mi)
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Dialling codes	040
Vehicle registration	HH

The Dockland at the harbour

Memorial of the Prussian Regiments (IR31, RIR31 and L31)

Altona (German: [ˈaltonaː] (listen)) is the westernmost urban borough (Bezirk) of the German city state of Hamburg, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864 Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy and Denmark's only real harbour directly to the North Sea. Altona was an independent city until 1937. In 2016 the population was 270,263.

History

Founded in 1535 as a village of fishermen in then Holstein-Pinneberg. In 1640, Altona came under Danish rule as part of Holstein-Glückstadt, and in 1664 received city rights from Danish King Frederik III, then ruling in personal union as duke of Holstein. Altona was one of the Danish monarchy's most important harbour towns. The railroad from Altona to Kiel, the Hamburg-Altona–Kiel railway (Danish: Christian VIII Østersø Jernbane), was opened in 1844.

Because of the severe restrictions on the number of Jews allowed to live in Hamburg (with the exception of the period of 1811–15,) until 1864,^[1] a major Jewish community developed in Altona starting in 1611, when Count Ernest of Schaumburg and Holstein-Pinneberg granted the first permanent residence permits to Ashkenazic Jews.^[2] Members did business both in Hamburg and in Altona itself. All that remains after the Nazi Holocaust during World War II are the Jewish cemeteries, but in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, the community was a major center of Jewish life and scholarship. The Holstein-Pinneberg and later Danish Holstein had lower taxes and placed fewer civil impositions on their Jewish community than did the government of Hamburg.

The wars between Denmark and the German Confederation—the First Schleswig War (1848–1851) and the Second Schleswig War (February – October 1864)—and the Gastein Convention of 1864, led to Denmark's cession of the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein to Prussian administration and Lauenburg to Austrian administration. Along with all of Schleswig-Holstein, Altona became part of the Hamburg Free City in 1867.

In 1871 Hamburg (with Altona) became a part of the German Empire.
In the same year the city was hit by cholera, with a minimum of 16 casualties in Altona.^[3]

During the Weimar era following World War I, the city of Altona was disturbed by major labor strikes and street disorders. Inflation in Germany was a major problem. In 1923 Max Brauer, the mayor of Altona, directed that city personnel be paid in part with gas meter tokens, as these coins did not lose value from inflation.^[4] The most notable event at this time is the Altona Bloody Sunday (German: Altonaer Blutsonntag) on July 17, 1932 when several persons were shot by the police force during a demonstration of Nazi groups. After police raids and a special court, on August 1, 1933 Bruno Tesch and others were found guilty and put to death by beheading with a hand-held axe.^[5][6] In the 1990s, the Federal Republic of Germany reversed the convictions of Tesch and the other men who were put to death, clearing their names.

The Greater Hamburg Act removed Altona from the Free State of Prussia in 1937 and merged it (and several surrounding cities) with the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg in 1938.

On 1 February 2007 the Ortsämter (precincts) in Hamburg were dissolved. In Altona the precincts of Blankenese, Lurup and Osdorf had existed and had local offices. On 1 March 2008 the Schanzenviertel neighborhood, which had spanned across parts of the boroughs of Altona, Eimsbüttel and Hamburg-Mitte, became the Sternschanze quarter, the entirety of which is now in the Altona borough.^[7]

Geography

Aerial view of Altona from the South. In the foreground the Elbe quays.

The border of Altona to the south is the River Elbe, and across the river the state Lower Saxony and the boroughs Harburg and Hamburg-Mitte. To the east is the borough Hamburg-Mitte and to the north is the borough Eimsbüttel. The western border is with the state of Schleswig-Holstein. According to the statistical office of Hamburg, the area of Altona is 77.5 km² or 29.9 sq mi in 2006.

Quarters

Politically, the following quarters (German: Stadtteile) are part of Altona borough:

1. Altona-Altstadt


2. Altona-Nord


3. Bahrenfeld


4. Ottensen


5. 
   Othmarschen (including parts of Klein Flottbek)


6. Groß Flottbek


7. Osdorf


8. Lurup


9. 
   Nienstedten (including parts of Klein Flottbek)


10. Blankenese


11. Iserbrook


12. Sülldorf


13. Rissen


14. Sternschanze

Demographics

In 2006 Altona had a population of 243,972 people. 16.4% were children under the age of 18, and 18.6% were 65 years of age or older. 15.3% were immigrants. 12,545 people were registered as unemployed.^[8] In 1999 48% of all households were made up of individuals.^[9]

There were 37 primary schools and 30 secondary schools in Altona and 635 physicians in private practice and 67 pharmacies.^[10]

Diet of the borough

Simultaneously with elections to the state parliament (Bürgerschaft), the Bezirksversammlung is elected as representatives of the citizens. It consists of 51 representatives.

Elections

Elections were held in Hamburg on 20 February 2011. The five parties having more than 5 percent in recent polls (minimum to qualify) are the conservative CDU, the social-democratic SPD, the ecologist Green Party (GAL), the left-wing Die Linke and the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP).

Transport

Altona Bahnhof (railway station) in 1971. Buses, streetcars, trains and S-Bahn trains all met at this spot.

Altona is the location of a major railway station, Hamburg-Altona, connecting the Hamburg S-Bahn with the regional railways and local bus lines.

The A 7 autobahn passes through Altona borough.

According to the Department of Motor Vehicles (Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt), in Altona 87,131 private cars were registered (359 cars per 1000 people).^[10]

Notable residents

• 
  Jean de Labadie (1610–1674), French Christian mystic who died in Altona.


• 
  Gluckel of Hameln (1646–1724)


• 
  Jonathan Eybeschutz (1690–1764), was a Talmudist, Halachist, and Kabbalist who died in Altona.


• 
  Johann Friedrich Struensee (1737–1772), doctor of medicine, de facto ruler of Denmark


• 
  Jens Jacob Eschels (1757-1842), nautical captain, author of the oldest known captain's autobiography in Germany (Born in Nieblum, died in Altona).


• 
  Conrad Hinrich Donner (1774–1854), banker and philanthropist, of Donners Park, Altona


• 
  Akiba Israel Wertheimer (1778–1835), was chief Rabbi in Altona from 1815–35


• 
  George Jarvis (Philhellene) (1797–1828), was the first of the American Philhellenes who took part in the Greek Revolution 1821-1829, general of Greek army, born in Altona.


• 
  Johannes Groenland (1824–1891), botanist and microscopist who worked for Louis de Vilmorin in Paris and was born in Altona.


• 
  Carl Reinecke (1824–1910), composer, conductor, and pianist was born in Altona


• 
  Sophie Wörishöffer (1838–1890), was a writer of adventure stories for young people who died in Altona.


• 
  Constantin Brunner (1862–1937), German philosopher, grandson of Akiba Israel Wertheimer, was born in Altona


• 
  Karl Yens (1868–1945), plein-air painter of Southern California, born in Altona.


• 
  Ernst Thälmann (1886–1944), leader of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) during much of the Weimar Republic, born in Altona.


• 
  Johannes de Boer (1897–1986), Highly decorated Generalleutnant during World War II, was born in Altona.


• 
  Carl Theodor Sørensen, (1893–1979), Danish landscape architect was born in Altona


• 
  Eric Maxim Choupo-Moting, (born 1989), Cameroonian footballer was born in Altona

See also

• 
  Hamburg Altona electoral district, covering the borough


• 
  Altona, Victoria, Australia – a suburb of Melbourne, Australia, named after Altona, Hamburg


• 
  Altoona, Pennsylvania – named after Altona, Hamburg

Notes

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Altona.

• 
  Altona-St. Pauli travel guide from Wikivoyage


• altona.INFO newspaper with daily local information


• 
   "Altona". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
  


• 
  The Jewish Community of Altona, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot